Civil Rights Movement Essay

The civil rights movement in the United States was a political, legal, and social struggle that was organized primarily by black Americans with some help from white America. The civil rights struggle was aimed at gaining full citizenship and racial equality for all Americans, particularly the most discriminated group, African Americans, and was first and foremost a challenge to segregation. Segregation was deeply embedded in the South and was used to control blacks since the reconstruction of the South following the American Civil War. During the civil rights movement, individuals and organizations challenged segregation and discrimination by using a number of methods that included protests, marches, boycotts, and refusing segregation laws. Most historians agree that the civil rights movement began with either the Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 or the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955 and ended with the Voting Rights Act of 1965; however, there is a lot of debate on when it began a nd ended. There were civil rights issues well into the 1980s. The main tool of discrimination against blacks in the United States was segregation, often called the Jim Crow system. Segregation became common in the South after the Reconstruction when the Democratic Party had gained control of the South and started to reverse black advances made during reconstruction. Jim Crow laws emerged and effectively segregated every aspect of life for blacks in the South. This segregation included, but was not limited to, separate schools, transportation, restaurants, and parks, many of which were inferior to white establishments. In theory, the black and white establishments were to be equal. The denial of voting rights, known as disfranchisement, is how the South controlled segregation. Between 1890 and 1910 virtually all the Southern states passed laws imposing requirements for voting that kept the black voter out. Some of these requirements included, the ability to read and write, property ownership, and paying poll taxes; all these tactics were in direct violation of the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution. Blacks were virtually powerless, because they could not vote there was nothing they could do to prevent the segregation of the South. Conditions in the North were slightly better, blacks could vote but there were so few blacks in the North before World War II that their votes barely counted, furthermore, even though segregated facilities in the North did not exist legally, most blacks were denied access to the more affluent facilities. There were civil rights movements prior to the 1960s. The National Afro-American League was formed in 1890 followed by the Niagara Movement in 1905, and then the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was founded in 1909, the NAACP was to have a great impact on the civil rights movement of the 1960s and still continues to exist today. The NAACP became one of the most important organizations that championed civil rights in the twentieth century and relied on a legal strategy that challenged segregation and discrimination against blacks by using the American legal system. There were many cases that the NAACP fought in court that set the precedence for the legal battles during the civil rights movement that would take place twenty to thirty years later. Although the legal battles fought by the NAACP in the 1920s and 1930s did little to change discrimination against blacks they did lay the foundation for a legal and social challenge to the system the South had built. After two world wars and a nationwide depression the civil rights movement that most Americans are familiar with began to emerge. The great depression which devastated the United States in the late 1920s caused a migration of black Americans from the South to other parts of the country, this migration exposed many of them to different views on segregation and discrimination, many of these blacks from the South became the civil rights activist of the 1960s. World War II also caused migrations of large number of blacks within the United States as many blacks found themselves moving up the social ladder as they took over war essential factory jobs. On the other hand, the return of black soldiers that had a new outlook on social and racial equality in the United States most likely was one of the biggest factors that caused the civil rights movements of the 1960s. Not just black Americans were affected by these events; there were many white Americans, even in the South that felt a change was needed. One such white southerner, Harold Fleming wrote: It wasn’t that I came to love Negroes; it was that I came to despise the system that did this. I mean, the nearest thing you could be in the army to being black was to be a company officer with black troops, because you lived and operated under the same circumstances they did, and they got crapped all over . . . You were sort of a second-class officer or a second-class white because of your assignment. Fleming was a conventional white southerner born in Atlanta, Georgia, after he became involved in civil rights issues and according to Fleming, many of his white southern contemporaries would say, â€Å"You ought to know better, being a native-born Georgia white.† With all these factors in place, the civil rights movement in America emerged around the mid 1950s. On 17 May 1954, after hearing arguments on five cases that challenged elementary and secondary school segregation, the United States Supreme Court issued a landmark ruling in Brown v. Board of Education that stated racially segregated education was unconstitutional. Although this was an historic ruling that essentially voided the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling of 1896 that established the separate but equal doctrine which was so prevalent in the South. The fundamental problem with the Brown v. Education was that the U.S. Supreme Court did not have a plan to enforce this ruling. The ruling stated that the school cases were class actions and that left the states with the enforcement of this ruling, the court wrote, â€Å"because of the wide applicability of this decision, and because of the great variety of local conditions, the formulation of decrees in these cases presents problems of considerable complexity.† At first white Southerners received this ruling with shock, however, by 1955 white opposition had grown into a massive resistance with organizations like the White Citizens Council; this council called for the economic coercion of blacks and whites who favored integrated schools. Schools in the South remained desegregated; this desegregation became a national issue when the governor of Arkansas, Orval Faubus openly defied a federal court order to admit nine black students to a Little Rock high school on 2 September 1957. The media dramatized the seriousness of desegregation by showing the nation pictures of an American high school being patrolled by federal troops so that black students could be protected from angry white mobs. The civil rights movement quickly moved beyond school desegregation to challenge other unjust institutions in the South. It was Rosa Parks, a member of the Montgomery, Alabama NAACP, who refused to give up her seat to a white person on 1 December 1955; the Montgomery bus boycott that brought the city of Montgomery, Alabama to its knees had begun. Parks was arrested and the black community leaders rallied local blacks to protest segregated buses; this local protest evolved into a national boycott that involved support of over 50,000 blacks and lasted over a year and showed the American public the determination of the blacks to end segregation. During the Montgomery bus boycott the most influential civil rights leader emerged; Martin Luther King, Jr. of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) became, undeniably, the most important figure throughout the civil rights movement. It was King who seemed to have a master plan for the boycott, he emphasized keeping the struggle within the law and advocated nonviolence to achieve the goals of the civil rights movement. During the Montgomery bus boycott, King stated: We are not asking for an end to segregation, that’s a matter for the legislature and the courts. We feel that we have a plan within the law. All we are seeking is justice and fair treatment . . . We don’t like the idea of Negroes having to stand when there are vacant seats. We are demanding justice on that point. King’s and other black leaders along with the protestors of the Montgomery bus boycott hard work eventually paid off, in November 1956, a federal court ordered that Montgomery’s buses desegregate. The Montgomery bus boycott was one of the milestones of the civil rights movement because it established a national civil rights movement that recognized King as the leader and showed that nonviolent protest would work. Four black college students from North Carolina A & T University sat at a white only lunch counter on 1 February 1960 in Greensboro, North Carolina to protest racial segregation; within weeks, these student â€Å"sit-ins† had spread across the South to many cities as a form of protest. In April 1960, The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was founded to help organize and direct the student â€Å"sit-in† movement; SNCC would eventually move into other areas of the civil rights movement. Because SNCC focused on making changes at the local level rather than the national level, many of the accomplishments of this organization did not become nationally known. The â€Å"sit-ins† did make the national news media and it was the New York Times that brought it to a national level. The New York Times published an article that interviewed the store superintendent and the students, the article also told of how white teenagers and Ku Klux Klan (KKK) members tried to bar the way on the fifth day of the Greensboro â€Å"sit-in.† It was the well spoken black student Ezall Blair who told the newspaper on the second day that the students had been â€Å"complacent and fearful† the previous day and that they decided that morning that is was time for black students to â€Å"wake up and change the situation.† By November 1960, one hundred and fifty-five communities across the South had television crews that were filming the demonstrations and the injustice that the students faced, white America, through the use of the mass media was seeing the same scenes over and over and for the first time witnessed segregation in the South; the scenes shown were of students patiently waiting to get served, angry white hecklers, and carloads of students being taken to jail by police. White students joined in, and in the North, many students boycotted the larger stores in the North that had lunch counters in the South, such as Woolworths. The culmination of the â€Å"sit-ins† occurred in Nashville, Tennessee, when, surprisingly, an unlikely ally emerged for the â€Å"sit-ins.† The mayor of Nashville, Ben West, announced that lunch counters in Nashville would not be segregated. When asked why he made that decision, West replied, â€Å"I could not agree that it was morally right for someone to sell them merchandise and refuse them service . . . It was a moral question that a man has to answer, and not a politician.† The â€Å"sit-ins† clearly demonstrated to America that young blacks and whites were determined to reject segregation openly and together. After the â€Å"sit-ins† many of the SNCC members began to participate in freedom rides that started in the summer of 1961, these â€Å"Freedom Riders,† both black and white, traveled the south in buses to test a 1960 Supreme Court decision that stated segregation was illegal in bus stations that were open to interstate travel. These freedom rides were organized by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and started in Washington, D.C., as the buses moved south more violence was directed towards them. This violence peaked when in Birmingham and Montgomery, Alabama, buses were burned and the riders beaten. As a result of the freedom rides, the Attorney General’s Office realized that the Supreme Court decision in the Boynton v. Virginia was not enough to end discrimination on the Interstates and bus stations. In November 1963, the Interstate Commerce Commission and the administration of President John Kennedy intervened and regulations were issued. By 1963, the Attorney General was able to say, â€Å"Systematic segregation of Negroes in interstate transportation has disappeared.† While the freedom rides and â€Å"sit-ins† were happening, SCLC leaders, under the guidance of King, were planning a series of protest campaigns that would happen throughout Southern cities, these campaigns were to be highly publicized and were to break the barriers of age, social status, and race. The demonstrations were to be against racial injustice and required the mobilization of thousands of peaceful demonstrators, both black and white, who were willing to participate in protest marches as long as necessary and who were also willing to be arrested and go to jail to achieve their goals. The first direct action protest took place in the spring of 1961 at Albany, Georgia. The presence of King and other SCLC leaders escalated the Albany protests by bringing national attention to Albany, however, after months of protests the police continued to jail protestors without a show of police violence and the protests ended in failure. The protests continued across the South with see mingly little success. In the spring of 1963, SCLC’s direct action protests finally saw success; sadly, this success was at the expense of many protesters of whom some were elementary age school children. After mass demonstrations had been conducted for several days in Birmingham, Alabama, SCLC begin to send children in to the protests, some of them as young as six. The Birmingham police chief, Eugene Connor, jailed thousands of them and provoked the outrage of parents and caused the media to give undivided attention to the Birmingham protest, this is what King needed to be successful. The next day more children marched and Connor reacted with violence; photographs of high pressure fire hoses and police dog attacks released on peaceful demonstrators appeared on national and international media, producing an international outcry. Eventually some protestors began to fight back and the state police were called in, King called for a twenty-four hour truce. The next day, On 9 May 1963, King announce an agreement with some white business leaders of Birmingham; they agreed to the desegregation of some public facilities within ninety days, progress in hiring and promotion, the release of arrested protestors, and a biracial committee. Birmingham mayor, Art Hanes called the white negotiators â€Å"a bunch of quisling, gutless traitors,† King stated that the settlement was â€Å"the most significant victory for justice we’ve ever seen in the Deep South.† The civil rights movement direct action marches, for the most part, ended with the march on Washington D.C. In August 1963, over 200,000 civil rights supporters conducted a peaceful march in Washington, D.C.; it was at this demonstration that King gave his famous â€Å"I Have a Dream Speech.† Because of this march, President Kennedy proposed a new civil rights law; after Kennedy was assassinated, President Lyndon B. Johnson pushed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 through Congress as a tribute to Kennedy. The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), SNCC, SCLC, CORE, and NAACP all joined forces in 1964 to work towards establishing voter’s rights for blacks, particularly in the South. Voting rights issues have always been an objective of the civil rights movement, in fact, after the â€Å"sit-ins† and freedom rides, SNCC focused most of their attention on establishing voter’s rights and educating blacks on how to vote. It was most likely the combination of a series of deaths of civil rights workers in the South, and the MFDPs arrival at the Democratic National Convention of 1964 that caused all the different civil rights organizations to work together towards voting rights; It may also have been that simply voter’s rights was the last major obstacle to overcome. It was on 22 August 1964, during the Democratic National Convention, that MFDP member Fannie Lou Hamer, who was from a Mississippi sharecropper family, addressed the nation on national television. Hamer’s sincere and articulate speech made supporters for black voting rights all over the nation. President Johnson, who did not support the MFDP, tried to detract attention from Hamer by conducted a last minute press conference on national television as Hamer was giving her testimony; his ploy did not work. President Johnson recognized the support Hamer was getting and was willing to compromise and recognized the predominately black MFDP. It was the Selma, Alabama march on 7 March 1965 that was the final event to cause the Voting Rights Act of 1965 to happen. SCLC employed direct action techniques in a voting rights protest initiated by SNCC in Selma, when these protest were unsuccessful the protesters began a march to Montgomery, Alabama. As the marchers were leaving Selma, mounted police used tear gas and batons to beat down marchers and others who were not part of the march, this became known as â€Å"Bloody Sunday.† Because the march was televised, the violence shocked many Americans and caused a much-needed national support for a law to protect the Southern blacks’ right to vote. On 15 March 1965, President Johnson announced that he would send a voting rights bill to Congress. In a televised address to a joint session, Johnson spoke on racial injustices and stated, â€Å"Their cause must be our cause, too. Because it’s not just Negroes, but really it’s all of us, who must overcome the crippling legacy of bigo! try and injustice,† then he shocked the nation by saying, â€Å"And we shall overcome.† Two days later a voting rights bill went to Congress. On 6 August 1965, President Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the civil rights movement, according to most historians, ended. Bibliography: Albert, Peter J. and Hoffman, Ronald, eds., We Shall Overcome: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Black Freedom Struggle. New York: Pantheon Books, 1990.

Games to Life Essay

Pong, Super Mario Bros. , and Pac-Man are a couple classic games most everyone has played. These games were some of the first video games ever made and had very little to no violence in them. These video games have now evolved into more graphic, gory, and violent games. This increased violence in video games has caused more aggression in society. On April 20th, 1999 at Columbine High School in Colorado a shooting occurred killing 12 students, 1 teacher and also injured 24 other students. Two students were the cause of this shooting. The two seniors played video games religiously and were big fans of a game named Doom. Doom is a game where players is a space marine who must fight his way through hordes of invading demons from Hell. The two shooters liked and played this game so much that even designed their own based off of it. Eric and Dylan’s, the two shooters, game was created based on the Columbine High School’s floor plan. Their game contained characters based off student at their school whom they did not like. When students, in their game, that believed in God would die they would say â€Å"’My Lord, why did you do this to me? † which is what Eric and Dylan believed they would say as they would kill them. When a newer game called Duke Nukem came out, a similar game to Doom, Eric and Dylan were quick to design another levels based on Columbine High School. In this game they had more realistic guns and bombs, which the shooters liked. They also mapped out how they would invade the school and whom they would target in these levels they created. Through both these games, that Eric and Dylan loved to play, inspired them to create there own games using their school as a layout and students as the characters. They planned out how they would approach their shooting and where they would place their bombs based on what they did in their games. They knew whom they would kill first and where they would be. They also placed bombs around the school as they would in the game that thankfully did not go off. Video games have become a big part of our culture in today’s society. When video games first came out they were simple, friendly, and non-violent. Since then video games have become more sophisticated, completive, and especially more violent. Eric and Dylan’s shooting on their school was an act of aggression supported from the violent videos games they played.

Why is Walmart considered to be a channel captain Essay

Why is Walmart considered to be a channel captain - Essay Example Walmart is also a channel captain because it has been in the industry for a long time now. It is well aware of the vendors, inventory, resources, cost-effective yet efficient means of transport, and the ever-changing expectations of the consumers with respect to creativity and innovation. Walmart is capable of utilizing this experience to invest in profitable plans. â€Å"With the rise in power of national chain stores and private-brand merchandise, many large retailers such as Wal-Mart are taking a leadership role in the channel† (Pride and Ferrell 403). Walmart knows how to get quality products made that provide value to the consumers while keeping the costs low so as to not only make good profit but also keep the consumers satisfied. To summarize, Walmart is a channel captain because of its huge number of outlets spread all over the world, its strong image as a cheap and well-equipped retailer, and its high purchasing

Renewable Energy- Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Renewable Energy- - Research Paper Example A non-renewable energy source is a natural energy source in limited supply. The major renewable source, on the other hand, is the geothermal energy, which is power that is extracted from heat that is stored under the crust of the earth. In the 21st century, there has been an increasing concern to have energy sources increased to match the ever increasing energy demands. This has necessitated the implementation of mechanisms that see to it that more renewable energy sources are explored. This way, more research has been done with various measured put in place to ensure the available few sources of energy are conserved for purposes of achieving stability in energy. This paper explores renewable energy development and progression in China, India, and Nigeria Research indicates that renewable energy production is relatively expensive and requires skilled force for purposes of running the machinery. However, one thing to content with is that recently, emphasis has been on how best to make use of the renewable energy. According to Nnadi (2011), there is an increasing need to adapt renewable energy instead of overreliance on the none-renewable energy sources. Failure to work towards generating more renewed energy sources leads to an energy crisis. One country that has had to content with this hard reality is Nigeria (Nnadiet al, 2011). On the contrary, in an effort to replenish the diminishing energy sources, China reportedly been making use of its renewable energy resources. Facing similar situation, India has been working around the clock to make sure it fully makes use of its renewable energy sources. Sources of energy that have notably been explored include solar, biomass and geo-thermal energy. Certainly, employing such strategy has seen India realizing increased sustainable energy, which ultimately has helped reduce on the greenhouse gas emissions. Historically, Oil, coal, water, as well as wood have widely been used to produce energy. However, with advancement in technology, new methods of producing energy have been embraced. Basing on research, a major energy crisis is beckoning if it happens that there is lucidity in implementing programs that see to it that there is increased production of renewable energy sources. It is undisputable that energy production requires a highly trained workforce. In this respect, a work force that is focused and well trained ensures that there is efficient utilization of energy. Fundamentally, individuals are tasked with the responsibility of increasing energy conservation measures that are geared towards realizing reduced energy crisis. There is need to encourage scientific studies to be conducted in the energy sector to ensure the processes are carried out in the proper ways (Ravikrishna, 2011). With a focus on Nigeria, it is worth noting that it is one of the countries known for its rich natural resources. Such natural resources that are heavily depended upon include water, minerals and fertile land whi ch can be used to achieve economic goals. However, failure to fully explore their natural resources is an issue subject to debate. The effective use of electricity would boost their goals of achieving economic recovery. However, this is not the case following the lacking will to impress technological advancement research would have it Nigeria has for years, failed obtain renewable energy.

Evaluate the claim that we should seek to abolish imprisonment Essay

Evaluate the claim that we should seek to abolish imprisonment - Essay Example orms of punishment are introduced, according to jurisprudential rational, to control such rate of crime and protect the basic rights of common people within a socio-cultural context. According to the varying degrees regarding seriousness of crime commission, various types of punishments are offered to offenders, namely, â€Å"condemnation, fines, probation, imprisonment, or death† and legislative system of a particular society provides actual directives that what type of punishment can be offered for a specific form of crime. Imprisonment is widely regarded, perhaps, as the â€Å"strongest form of punishment† after death penalty and mostly offered to people accused of culpable offences (Coughlin, 1991, p. 54). Tony Lawson and Joan Garrod have attempted to define imprisonment in the book Dictionary for Sociology, as, â€Å"†¦the incarnation of those convicted of certain types of crime. Also in prison are those held â€Å"on remand,†- i.e. accused of a serious crime and awaiting a trial. Different societies hold different views regarding the purpose of imprisonment, with the result that the proportion of the population in prison at any one time varies widely among different societies† (Lawson, and Garrod, 2001, p. 117-118). This definition becomes important in the context of discussion as it encompasses within its scope both legal and social perspectives. In the first part, the authors have defined what imprisonment is from legal perspective. Second part of the definition focuses on social aspects that purpose and reason for imprisonment differs in different societies; thus, society has an important role to play when it comes to nature of imprisonment or establishing the criteria regarding magnitude of crime so that a person is sentenced for imprisonment. According to magnitude of crime, punishment can be categorized in several forms, namely, capital punishment, imprisonment, probation, fines, restitution and community service, and restorative justice (Gaines, and

Financial Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial Plan - Essay Example Financial break-even point is defined as â€Å"the point where revenue equals expenses and profit is zero† (Smartacus Corporation, 2011, par. 1). For Dr. McDougall’s financial situation, assuming fixed cost = $2.8 and variable cost = $2, the number of units that must be sold to break-even is 3,800 units. The components of the cost of goods sold is calculated by establishing the â€Å"Beginning Finished Goods Inventory + Cost of Goods Manufactured = Finished Goods Available for Sale – Ending Finished Goods Inventory = Cost of Goods Sold† (Averkamp, 2011, par. 1). For Dr. McDougall’s financial performance, it could be assumed that the COGS was arrived at using this: Financial information could be used to determine the available resources which can be used in future plans and endeavors. For Dr. McDougalls’s future plans include the research and development of innovative products of similar natural ingredients in other preparations to cater to other cultural tastes. Therefore, financial information would serve as the gauge for decision-making and to design appropriate strategies that would achieve the defined goals. The relevant financial ratios to determine profitability and success are profitability ratios such as the gross profit margin (gross profit/sales) = 60%; operating profit margin (operating profit/sales) = 31%; and net profit margin (net income/sales) = 26%. These ratios define that there are substantial profits generated from the manufacture of food products that provide a successful measure of returns for the company. Averkamp, H. (2011). How do I calculate the cost of goods sold for a manufacturing company. Retrieved September 22, 2011, from Accounting Coach: http://blog.accountingcoach.com/manufacturing-cost-goods-sold/ Smartacus Corporation. (2011). Break-Even Analysis and Break-Even Point. Retrieved September 22, 2011, from college-cram.com:

Ethos, Logos, Pathos, and Rhetorical Analysis Assignment

Ethos, Logos, Pathos, and Rhetorical Analysis - Assignment Example Notably, Bono demonstrates a good judgment about rock stars mounting the pulpit and preaching at presidents, which depicts his credibility. Moreover, Bono manifests his integrity by asserting that justice is a higher standard and that Africa’s position challenges America’s justice and equality (â€Å"American Rhetoric† 1). Bono uses deductive reasoning by encouraging the audience to do what God is doing because it is already blessed (â€Å"American Rhetoric† 1). Moreover, he uses statistics and past facts to present his ideas where he draws our attention to the Tsunami effect in South East Asia where 150, 000 people died. Additionally, he uses examples by stating that the American President and the Congress provided life-saving anti-retroviral drugs to 700,000 people and provided eight million bed nets to protect children from malaria (â€Å"American Rhetoric† 1). He also uses comparisons to justify his argument where he compared the 150, 000 deaths from Tsunami with the 150, 000 deaths that happen in Africa every month (â€Å"American Rhetoric† 1). He uses deductive reasoning to assert that America has the capacity to avert the crisis in Africa. Indeed, Bono shows the American possibility by asserting that America only gives less than one percent to charity and they only need to give two percent for them to transform the world and change American’s perception. Bono uses a lot of repetition where he consequently repeats the phrase â€Å"One percent† to refer to the schooling girls in Africa, AIDS patients who get medicine in Africa, and African entrepreneurs who can start a small family business (â€Å"American Rhetoric† 1). Moreover, he uses very emotional words to question America’s commitment towards charity where he asserts, â€Å"six and a half thousand Africans are still dying every day of preventable, treatable disease, for lack of drugs we can buy at any drug store†.

An Instrument - Reliable and Validity Assignment

An Instrument - Reliable and Validity - Assignment Example A measurement may be reliable but need not be valid. Nevertheless, measurement has to be reliable before it can be valid. A tool should be reliable and should be suitable for measuring the intended object. In designing a research project it is absolutely necessary that the measurements are both reliable and valid. If it is not so the tools of measurement are basically useless for measuring what the researcher wanted to measure. 2. Almost daily, we hear about research that seems to contradict earlier findings. One day, for example, a particular food is good for you and the next it is not. What does this reflect about the scientific method What are the advantages and disadvantages of the scientific method It is very true that we find research to support or to conclusively oppose something. For any study that puts forward a recommendation, there is another one that is apparently researched and documented and challenging the conclusions of the first. There is no convergence in the points of view of people. This does not invalidate the scientific method. There could may many possibilities for this divergence. Perhaps a researcher may not have used the valid tools for testing. The tools themselves may not have been reliable. The test conditions may not have been the same in all cases.   It insists on systematic experimentation. Scientists have developed criteria and practices to reduce the individual and social bias on scientific findings. The basic approach is an experiment, observation, and inference. It approaches reality objectively. However, our five senses might even play tricks on us. That is why theories of Ptolemy were later replaced by the theories of Copernicus. Some times more efficient tools to observe reality will be developed which give more data, hitherto unavailable. The use of an electron microscope has unraveled new insights into cell and modern cell biology is entirely different from what it was fifty years ago. 3. Suppose you wish to measure the effect of physical exercise on self-esteem. What type of experimental design would be most appropriate to Describe the types of groups necessary for this design? How would you measure your variables Which threats to internal validity would you need to consider The available evidence indicates that exercise not only benefits by providing a healthier body but also enhancing self-esteem. However, this has to be proved by empirical evidence. Visitors to a fitness center would be the ideal group to test the validity of this thesis.  

Scarlet Letter Essay Example for Free

Scarlet Letter Essay The Scarlet Letter There are many forms to degrade a person, some are deep wounds that can leave an imprint forever, and some go through one ear and out the other. There have been many occasions where ones life is played upon, where the only solution is death. But there are two of those imprints I want to focus on; revenge and hatred and how these two abhorrent features can destroy a person physically and spiritually. Revenge is defined as to inflict punishment in return for injury or insult. In Nathaniel Hawthornes novel, The Scarlet Letter, we find that two characters exemplify this theme. Roger Chillingworth and Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale have an extensive conflict that portrays an example for us. The clergymans shy and sensitive reserve had balked this scheme. Roger Chillingworth, however, was inclined to be hardly, if at all, less satisfied with the aspects of affairs, which Providence- using the avenger and his victim for its own purposes, and, perchance, pardoning where it seemed most to punish- had substituted for is black devices. In this quote from the book, it states that Roger Chillingworth, being the doctor of Dimmesdale, will use his medications against him. Chillingworth suspects of Dimmesdale committing a great sin that involves his wife Hester Prynne. Calm, gentle, passionless, as he appeared, there was yet, we fear, a quiet depth of malice, hitherto latent, but active now, in this unfortunate old man, which led him to imagine a more intimate revenge than any mortal had even wreaked upon an enemy. To make himself the one trusted friend, to whom should be confided all the fear, the remorse, the agony, the ineffectual repentance, the backward rush of sinful thoughts, expelled in vain! Chillingworth is taking advantage of being Dimmesdale so called friend, so he gets him to confess this reat sin that he is being suspected upon. He will be asking questions that will provoke Dimmesdale or rather make him think in such a way that he will express it physically. The reason why Dimmesdale seems to be sick is because of the secret sin he keeps inside, its destroying him. Making him weak, pale, rather old, and putting him in a position where he believes that medicine will cure it. Dimmesdale being the preacher of the town will have a great spiritual agony that will haunt him through this life and the next, making this the spiritual sickness that will not leave unless he confesses. And the cause of this all would be Chillingworth. Hatred can destroy victim or attacker, being an intense dislike, extreme aversion or hostility. All of these aspects, Chillingworth was putting upon Dimmesdale, slowly making him pay for the sin. In a word, old Roger Chillingworth was a striking evidence of a mans faculty of transforming himself into a devil, if he will only, for a reasonable space of time, undertake a devils office. He was going through stages of hatred that transformed him into something that he didnt foresee. Chillingworth was turning into a devil within a blink of an eye. Hester said to Chillingworth while talking to him about Dimmesdale, Since that day, no man is so near him as you. You tread behind his every footstep. You are beside him, sleeping and waking. You search his thoughts. You burrow and rankle in his heart! Your clutch is on his life, and you cause him to Chillingworth is like a dark shadow haunting Dimmesdale every mille-second of the day, and Dimmesdale not knowing what Chillingworths real intensions are. In this case, hatred was destroying both Chillingworth and Dimmesdale, one turning into a devil and the other being tortured and pressured. With this I come to a conclusion that revenge, hatred, and a person, dont mix well. Just like oil and water. Think about having the conscience follow you throughout your life, that with a simple act of these implements you completely destroyed a person into pieces. It degrades him or her, self-esteem drops down to a low level, but most importantly you can put that person into a place where death is the only answer to escape. A rattlesnake, if cornered will become so angry it will bite itself. That is exactly what the harboring of hate and resentment against others is a biting of oneself. We think we are harming others in holding these spites and hates, but the deeper harm is to ourselves. †E. Stanley Jones

Benefits of Reading Essay Example for Free

Benefits of Reading Essay Reading maketh a man. Today, we enjoy such a wide array of reading material ranging from books, magazines, newspapers, comics and the latest e-books. However, we still do not make it a habit to read. This fact can be consolidated by a recent survey that has singled out that a majority of citizens hardly read. What a shame! Obviously, we do not realize the importance of reading. In this era of modernization, in order to become a successful person or a top-notch student, we should enrich ourselves with adequate knowledge and perspective. Instead, citizens in developed countries like Russia, China, Japan, Korea and Australia are enriching themselves with knowledge and information. Thus, it is high time that we make it a point to read. First and foremost, reading is the perfect platform for us to improve our knowledge. It is undisputable that, nowadays, the bookstores are flooded with various kinds of reading materials dealing with different subjects. By reading numerous genres of books, we are able to broaden our minds. For example, we can always flip through magazines or books to acquire knowledge and information on particular fields. Magazines like National Geographic, Popular Science, Discovery, Chips , Time and Reader’s Digest provide a colossal of information about science and the latest technologies. Those who are interested in technology will stand a golden opportunity to have a deep understanding on technology and thus helping them to get a promising job in the future. Aside from this, reading helps us to keep abreast with the latest developments in the world. One can know about the news or headlines of the world by just skimming through newspapers or surfing the Internet. People who are informative and knowledgeable are not considered as â€Å"a frog under a coconut shell†. Hence, it is true that reading enable us to widen our knowledge besides of keeping us oblivious of the latest developments in the world. In other words, â€Å"reading is the window of the world†. Furthermore, reading stands us a good stead in improving our command of languages. It has become an irrefutable fact that most of the people around the globe are not highly proficient in English which is an international language. This is because they tend to stick to their mother tongue. Sadly, they do not realize the importance of English. In order to master the language, we should cultivate the habit of reading. By reading we are introduced to a thousand and one words that are seldom applied in speaking but may come in handy when comes to writing. Persons who hardly read will not be able to do well in his essay writing as he fails to acquire the essential writing skills. On top of that, he also fails to learn some useful words that are a necessity in writing a good essay. Thus, it can be said that reading increases one’s vocabulary as well as polishing up one’s writing skills. In addition, by reading we are able to be fluent in foreign languages like Japanese, Spanis h, Italian, Mandarin, French and Arabic, just to name a few. Therefore, we will have the ability to converse with the citizens of other countries. Nevertheless, reading provides relaxation and entertainment. It is an ubiquitous phenomenon that thousands of people in the world are deriving entertainment from reading. This is because reading is the best form of entertainment and relaxation after enduring their mind-boggling work. Reading helps them to vanquish their daily stress and soothe their pressured minds. Needless to say, we do not have to burn a hole in our pockets when we are craving for entertainment. Unlike DVDs or television programs, books are the cheapest source of entertainment which only cost us up to a few dollars, perhaps the most exorbitant books will only cost up to the maximum of 50 dollars which is within the budget of a layman. On the other hand, we should not overlook the advantage of reading which is associated with unleashing our creative powers. By reading thrilling story books like The Lost Symbol, Angels and Demons, Da Vinci Code, Digital Fortress which are written by a prominent author, Dan Brown will definitely keep us thinking about the plots. When we are thinking about the plots, question marks will be popped up in the frame of our minds. Subsequently, we will have to imagine the consequences or the next scenes of the story. All these require creativity, unlike watching movies or videos, where there is little left to the imagination. This is because the scenes are already portrayed using images or pictures. It is a huge fallacy to say that watching movies is far better than reading books to unleash one’s creativity. In a nutshell, it would cost us a fortune if we do not make an effort to read. If we take a close look at people who often read, they are generally creative, it is vital that every citizen in the world picks up the habit of reading. The government should play a pivotal role in promoting the habit of reading. Several awareness campaigns should be held in arm to raise the awareness of the nations on the importance of reading besides boosting the interest of the public in reading. Most importantly, parents should encourage their children to read when they are still young.

Power In Discourse Includes Powerful Participants English Language Essay

Power In Discourse Includes Powerful Participants English Language Essay Introduction: Norman Fairclough, observes that there is a correlation between unequal power relations and the way language is used. In this essay, Im going to comment on language and power in analyzing discourse. Ill discuss different encounters that display power in discourse. Therefore, I categorize areas of constraints enacted through discourse and Provide examples of language indicators of power in the quoted discourse. Power in discourse includes powerful participants who control contributions of non-powerful participants. Constraints of speakers contributions have three types; Content: what is said or done. Relations: Social relations involved in discourse. Subjects: Subject positions which people can occupy. Ive chosen an encounter which displays power in discourse as a conversation between members of a family about buying a new house in Kuwait; 1.Husband: I think about buying a new house.Thus,I d like to ask about your opinions. 2.Wife: A good idea but you should think about which are and location rather than size of the housev or number of rooms. 3.Husband: Which area do you prefer? 4.Wife: internal areas such as Shweikh or Abdallah AL-Salm. 5.Husband:(angrily)Are you crazy?Dont you know that the house costs one million dinar in this area but we have got only one hundred fortyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 6.Wife: What about other areas such as AL-Rawda,AL Sora,AL-Odyleyaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. 7.Husband:I told you that we dont have price of one house in these areas as the smallest one costs about one hundred seventy but we need a large house containg three rooms at least. 9.Sarah:(the oldest daughter) I need a private room as Im a university student and cant study with my little daughters.Thus,we need gour rooms at least. 10.Ahmed(the oldest son): I also need a private room. 11.Abdallah and Abdalaziz(twins):we alsop need a private room and dont like to change our school where we have all our friends.What about buying in this area? 12.Wife:(angirly) you will go to a better school and make new friendships. 13.Husband:What s your opinion,my parents? 14.Grandfather: what can I say as you decided to desert us? 15.Father:No,father,you will come with us. 16.Grandfather: I wont leave my house. 17.Grandmother: I wont leave my house.how vabout staying with us as the house is very large. 18.Wife: What about selling your house inorder to be able to buy a large house in luxurious areasà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. 19.Husband: I dont admit that as it is unfair to my brothers so Ill buy a house at our expenses only. 20.Ahmed:Dewanya is the most important place inh the house where all men meet,isnt it? 21.Father:Yes,it is very important. 22.Wife:(angirly)Where willyou build a house? 23.Husband: May be,in Said Al-Abdalah 24.Wife:(exclaiming),in Al-jahra.Ive never visited it.What can I say to all friends and relatives. 25.Husband: It have decided to do that. 26.Grandfather: You can stay with us after we reconstructed our house as we cant live without you. 27.Grandmother:It is good.Then,you can stay here , wont change your schools and have your private rooms. 28.Wife:It is agood idea.Then,we can do business to get more money and buy the house which we like,cant we? 29.Daughters and Sons:It is great father,we will stay with gramndparents and wont change our school. 30.Husband: Ill think about this idea. Father, as a power holder, exercises control over contributions of all family members in conversation as follows; In the opening turn,father,as a power holder in the house, announced to other members of the family what he is thinking about and identify their contributions in this subject Id like to ask about your opinions..In turn(1)He told them that he needs to know their opinions about buying a new house so he allows them indirectly to start talking and participate in such a conversation. Again in turn(13),father practices control of power over discourse when he asks his parents to tell their opinions What s your opinion,my parents?.However,he gives equal instructions to all participants to tell their opinions explicitly about buying a new house but when he notices that grandparents are silent, he asserts his desire to know their own opinions in turn(13).Father evaluated a lot of contribution from other members of the family in turns(21) explicitly when he asserted the importance of Dewanya Yes, its very important as his son suggested and in turn (30) implicitly when he decided to think about this idea. Father used positive evaluations in order to encourage other participants to continue their contributions in conversation. These are considered as arrogant if father address equal partners or more powerful ones. Wife made series of questions in turns(6),(18),and (22) which indicates that wife fails to master power in discourse. This is an appropriate tactic to maintain a lot of control on conversation as he asks most questions which all members of the family answer and express their disagreement on some suggestions or ideas concerning a new house. Family members answers show that they adhere to rights of conversation.However,some people cant imagine that father as a power holder can be asked and answer questions in turns(7),(15) and (19).Thats because father provides some space to other members of the family to make conversation continue on longer term. Obligations of family members to contribute in conversation are emphasized in turns (14),(23) and (26) by a pause(marked by a space dot) where there is a brief silence in which all eyes are on this participant who are responsible to tell his opinion. In turn(5),father uses a negative question Dont you know that the house costs one million dinar in this area but we have got only one hundred fortyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦which may be dependent on intonation or other circumstances of discourse. This question as if father suggested something before and wife contrasts this suggestion so his negative question makes his wife to look silly.Finally,in turns(25) and (30),father uses short sentences which seems to be hardly spoken as if he would like to end conversation as a power holder because he reaches his final decision concerning buying a new house or not. Question tags are used in (20)isnt it? and (28)cant we? which refers to the speakers suggestion but others may seem to disagree these suggestions. Question tags are used depending on intonation and other factors which affect conversation stream. Interruptions and overlaps occur in turns (6),(7) and (14) as constraints on content, relations and subjects arent well adopted. Wife and husband interrupted each others in these turns as if father fails to master power in discourse. Relations and subjects of the conversation are closely related as all these interruptions occur in the conversation. We have all types of constraints in this example. Concerning content, family members are required to tell their opinions about buying a new house. Relations are social between father and other family members. Subject positions include an aspirant father and other members of the family including grandparents. These constraints lead to particular forms of language. All constraints on discourse, whether content, subject or relation, dont appear to have direct control of power in discourse on other family members who participate in this conversation. When we examine conversation continum,we notice that father is the only responsible for giving all directive acts of speech particularly questions to other members of the family who are obliged to answer or at least give their opinions to father as a power holder over discourse. Family members play the role of fathers subordinate who must contribute by their views about topic of discussion which is buying a new house. Father doesnt control the discourse directly but family members are already constrained by conventions of discourse type which is previously identified. Although, father is a power holder who determines which discourse can be admitted, other powerful participants, such as a wife, can produce directive speech acts particularly making questions as what occurs in turns (6),(18) and (22) so wife as a powerful participant can indirectly constrain the participants by selecting the discourse type. The most important constraint is self-constraint as all participants adhere to conventions of discourse whether powerful or non powerful participants.However,father as the most powerful participant manages to master discourse very skillfully and provides space for other non-powerful participants to make their contributions or even interruptions in different degrees and distances. In turn(6),wife interrupts father not because she would like to do all the talking or control discourse but because she would like to relieve fathers anger from her previous contribution in conversation.However,in turn (7),father interrupts wife in order to control her co ntribution in the conversation as a power holder who has the right to practice power in discourse over other family members particularly his wife who should give correct participation as he expects. Power in discourse or behind discourse isnt always attributed to a particular person or social groupings. On the other hand, power may be lost or won in the discourse according to social struggle.People,who dont hold power usually look forward to gaining sources of power. This applied to0 the speakers at different levels whether situational, social or institutional. Let us begin with a text where struggle is clear in an interview between a student(S) who is accused of making trouble at school and a teacher(T); 1.T: Why didnt you leave school at 2 p.m? 2.S: I didnt use to leave school immediately at 2.p.m. 3.T: Why is that? 4.S: That is clear, isnt it?I,m waiting for may classmates to go together. 5.T: Well. There arent any students at school at that time, are there? 6.S: No, none of students are there at that time, are they? what about .students who were collecting there? 7.T: That was last year.However,Iamnt convinced that you are innocent as you said.Hence,did you go to the court instead of going straight home? 8.S: I thought that my classmates might come to the court.Anyway,we usually meet at the court. In this conversation, the teacher exercises control over students contributions. They both adhere to rights and obligations of discourse which readers or listeners can expect in such an interview.However,I dont expect that a student asks a question and a teacher answers. Audience may expect that teacher exercises more control over discourse than all people expect. He tends to exceed his discourse rights and doesnt adhere to his obligations.Firstly,the student challenges teachers questions in two occasions(turn 2 and 4),instead of answering teachers questions directly.However,the student provides an answer to a question implicitly in (2) and introduced it after he challenges the teachers question in (4).In addition in (6),the student asks a question which the teacher answers as all listeners or readers dont expect. On the other hand, a student gives an answer in turns (6) and (8) which is irrelevant to what the teacher wants to know.However,all expect that the teacher can force the st udent to requirement of an interview or which should have a relatively formal setting but he deals with a teacher as a peer. It is evident in a students vocabulraystudents,collecting,the court,meet.Audience thinks that a student who uses these vocabulary Must be influenced by the interviews setting,occasion,power and distance which separates him from the teacher. The teacher maintains a lot of control on an interview as he asks most questions which the student answers fairly with some complaint. The students answers indicate some adherence to rights and obligations of conversation., The teacher, as a power holder, yields some ground to the student in order to pursue a strategy of a long term. This may be an interpretation of the teachers failure to immediate challenge to the students questions but he answers them and let his challenge pass as he accepts it. This example shows how a social struggle of power between a student who shows that he isnt affected by school authority as he challenges conventional constraints of discourse in such situations. There are three levels of social organisation;situational,institutional and societal. We have described what is going on a situational level.However,we havent a adopted a social pattern to which a student belongs to the same class of society as all young people so the teacher uses appropriate tactics which are standard for dealing with all individuals of his class. At institutional level, law and the family are similar institutions which shows the same struggle between young people as a social struggle at an institutional level as the school can be considered as a social institution. Power in discourse or behind discourse isnt always attributed to a particular person or social groupings. On the other hand, power may be lost or won in the discourse according to social struggle.People,who dont hold power usually look forward to gaining sources of power. This applied to0 the speakers at different levels whether situational, social or institutional. Conclusion: In conclusion, some speakers have power in discourse as they exercise control on other participants of discourse. discourse is seen as a place where speakers exercise relations of power. On the other hand, power behind discourse is related to how relations of power constitute discourse order in society. Power cant be held by definite persons for ever but it is won and lost through social struggle. In my opinion, there is continuous inequalities between people, there is always power in discourse, power behind discourse and social struggle in discourse.

Creative Story: If At First You Dont Succeed :: essays research papers

Creative Story: If At First You Don't Succeed "Eureka!" Sam excitedly exclaimed. "I've done it! I'm set for life and my happiness is assured. With this new invention I'll be honored for my brilliance, and I might even win the nobel prize!" he chirped ecstatically. Sam was a chicken, the great great great grandson of the Not-So-Great Chixken Little, who, in case the reader is ignorant, was the chick who thought the sky was falling and got everyone eaten by a crafty old fox [SIC]. Sam was a well built chicken, quite muscular in fact, and extremely inventive, but, unfortunately, he had no brains when it came to reality. His motto was: " If at first you don't succeed, try, try again," and he would never give up even if there was no way he could win. To this very day he still has an annual football game against a childhood friend, Bono, who is a prize winning, full grown bull. (In case the reader hasn't discovered it, after every game, Sam has a visit to the hospital where he is an infamous character, continually joked about by the nurses and doctors who work there.) *** "You may see Mr. Monty now, sir," the secretary informed Sam. He nervously eyed the door in front of him. The big, bold lettering stated: MR. JP MONTY EXECUTIVE PRESIDENT Doubts about his ability to make a good impression entered his mind, but Sam immediatly gathered himself together, glanced back at the sheep secretary, and entered the room. THe stately pig sat behind a magnificently carved oak desk in the most luxurious office Sam had ever seen. A plush oriental rug covered the floor from wall to wall, and paintings, pictures, and diplomas adorned the brightly colored walls. Extremely expensive ornaments were conspicuously displayed, spreading a DO-Not-Touch atmosphere around the room. But the room was nothing compared to the pig lounged in the sleek, black, leather chair. He was not fat, he was immense, he had one of those stomachs that literally hung over his waistband. His four chins wiggled like Jell-O as he turned his chubby head to face Sam. "Yeees," Mr. JP Monty stated suggestively. " Sir, this is your lucky day! I am the esteemed architect of the greatest invention of all time, and I have picked you, to invest in it. This will certainly earn you enormous profits ince the public gets ahold of my wonderful creation. What do you say sir? Are you with me or not? I know that if you decide to endorse my idea, then you will be greatly rewarded in the future,

The Mormons :: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

The Mormons Mormonism is a way of life that is practiced by members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Over two-thirds of the church's membership is in the United States. However, members are also located in many other countries around the world. Mormons use the Bible, the Book of Mormon, and two other books or revelations to Joseph Smith, founder of the church. These other two revelations are the Doctrine and Covenants and the Pearl of Great Price. The Mormon organization consists of a three member First Presidency and a twelve man Council of Apostles who make up the major policy-making body of the church. Mormonism's founding doctrine was based on the assumption that Christianity was corrupt and that it was necessary to restore the "true" Christian gospel. The Mormon church sees only itself as recognized by God. Joseph Smith founded the church in New York in 1830. He said that he had visions of God and other heavenly beings that told him to establish the restored Christian Church. He was "directed" to some thin metal plates that he translated into what is now called the book of Mormons. This book describes the history, wars, and religious beliefs of a group of people who migrated from Jerusalem to America. Smith attracted a small group of followers who settled in Kirtland, Ohio, and Jackson County, Missouri. Because of persecution, the church moved to northern Missouri, then to Nauvoo, Illinois. The people of Illinois welcomed the persecuted Mormons, and Smith began to construct a temple and a hotel there. In 1843, Smith secretly instituted the practice of plural marriage among a group of his followers. This could be because he himself had 50 wives. The Mormons lived in relative peace until 1844 when a group became mad about Smith's practices. They started a newspaper called the "Nauvoo Expositor" and attacked him, accusing him of practicing polygamy. Smith denied this charge but was killed anyway. Brigham Young took over as their new leader. In 1852 , polygamy was officially announced at the Mormon conference. Points of Debate What was so wrong with their views? * Belief in the Bible and Book of Mormon ==> How? The Mormons believe the Bible and The Book of Mormon to be the Word of God. However, the Bible states that it is the only Word of God. ==> Mormonism believes that God has a physical body. The Bible contradicts this belief * Belief in Polygamy ==> Teach that Jesus Christ himself is a polygamist. * Mormonism and Blacks ==> Mormonism teaches that African Americans have dark skin because they are cursed by God, and are an inferior race. The Mormons :: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints The Mormons Mormonism is a way of life that is practiced by members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Over two-thirds of the church's membership is in the United States. However, members are also located in many other countries around the world. Mormons use the Bible, the Book of Mormon, and two other books or revelations to Joseph Smith, founder of the church. These other two revelations are the Doctrine and Covenants and the Pearl of Great Price. The Mormon organization consists of a three member First Presidency and a twelve man Council of Apostles who make up the major policy-making body of the church. Mormonism's founding doctrine was based on the assumption that Christianity was corrupt and that it was necessary to restore the "true" Christian gospel. The Mormon church sees only itself as recognized by God. Joseph Smith founded the church in New York in 1830. He said that he had visions of God and other heavenly beings that told him to establish the restored Christian Church. He was "directed" to some thin metal plates that he translated into what is now called the book of Mormons. This book describes the history, wars, and religious beliefs of a group of people who migrated from Jerusalem to America. Smith attracted a small group of followers who settled in Kirtland, Ohio, and Jackson County, Missouri. Because of persecution, the church moved to northern Missouri, then to Nauvoo, Illinois. The people of Illinois welcomed the persecuted Mormons, and Smith began to construct a temple and a hotel there. In 1843, Smith secretly instituted the practice of plural marriage among a group of his followers. This could be because he himself had 50 wives. The Mormons lived in relative peace until 1844 when a group became mad about Smith's practices. They started a newspaper called the "Nauvoo Expositor" and attacked him, accusing him of practicing polygamy. Smith denied this charge but was killed anyway. Brigham Young took over as their new leader. In 1852 , polygamy was officially announced at the Mormon conference. Points of Debate What was so wrong with their views? * Belief in the Bible and Book of Mormon ==> How? The Mormons believe the Bible and The Book of Mormon to be the Word of God. However, the Bible states that it is the only Word of God. ==> Mormonism believes that God has a physical body. The Bible contradicts this belief * Belief in Polygamy ==> Teach that Jesus Christ himself is a polygamist. * Mormonism and Blacks ==> Mormonism teaches that African Americans have dark skin because they are cursed by God, and are an inferior race.

A diverse and interesting learning environment for all students Essay

Accepting attitudes towards all human beings creates a diverse and interesting learning environment for all students. I recall an incident while at a summer program a few years ago. We, the students, were staying overnight on a college campus to participate in seminars that would further our growth and readiness for the future. As part of the program, we were required to stay overnight in the dorm rooms. We were each paired up with one other person who would be our roommate for the two days. I come from a neighborhood that is primarily white so I was pleasantly surprised to learn that I would be sharing a room with someone who was from the Middle East. We quickly settled into our rooms and prepared ourselves for the first of two days of learning activities. My roommate awoke, got up and spread a blanket on the floor to pray. I watched my roommate kneeling on the floor saying words in a language that I didn’t understand. When finished, I asked my roommate about this practice and learned a little bit about the Muslim religion and why prayers are said several times daily. See more: Satirical essay about drugs I also had the opportunity to share a little bit about my own faith. I had a large amount of respect for my roommate because it isn’t easy to pray in front of other people let alone people one doesn’t even know. I also gained respect because my roommate wasn’t ashamed of praying or of the Muslim faith. This experience has helped prepare me for life in a world made up of people from all over the world with different values, viewpoints and religions. My own background and life achievements would add to the diversity of University because I too have valuable ideas and customs that would add to the interesting mix of University life. My ability to gain respect for people who have different life values enables me to be a student of a University that embraces acceptance for other cultures. Even though I would be considered the majority, I welcome the opportunity to learn alongside people from different places.

Case Study of Architect Perumal

Ar. Perumal has experiences range from planing, managing and oversing solid waste thermic works, instruction installations, commercial and industrial edifice and retail mercantile establishments. His professional experience engaged him in the design and supervising of building undertakings in Malaysia were non needfully trained in a separate architecture plan in an academic scene. Alternatively, he is trained under established designers. Prior to his battle in Architecture, there is a distinguishable theory and understanding behind his political orientation and construct in his attack, his squad of applied scientists and his client, and the experient that he used varied depending on geographical location. Therefore, his house engaged him in pull stringsing a design via the basic construct of design, geographically incorporate and reacting to the clime on site. This is what made Ar. Perumal particular in the field of Architecture. ARCHITECTURAL THEORY Ar. Perumal designed for the largest hypermarket concatenation in Malaysia, the Mydin Hypermarket and Warehouse distribution centre in USJ. The distribution centre design and building was overseen by the Mydin adviser squad with regard to timely completion of the plants during the building works. However, to guarantee the quality of the building, the plants were sub contracted under NSC for better pricing and quality plants under a Main Contractor. In this building, the design, finance, and legal facets is taken inconsiderateness by Ar. Perumal. Hence, the design is non merely structurally appropriate for the usage and location, it is design in regard to the fiscal demands and legality of the site. Hence, the construction is integrated into the surrounding by planing in a unit of ammunition model of Architecture. Besides, as efficiency of the edifice has caught the eyes of his client, Ar Perumal implements his construct of Architecture and building cognition to plan this edifice. His houses provided a field on the cutting border of the newest methods of building intended to better efficiency, public presentation and overall theory of the edifice. In facets of design theory, Ar. Perumal, besides known as an designer who systematically pushes the ecological facet in his architectural design manner, this pushes the ability to plan by stressing the environmental impact of the edifice in relation to the site context of Mydin. This lead to the new boundary country outside the reinforced country which is influenced by the ecology, which test the bounds of his ecological theory. This so lead to a heightened grasp for the diverseness of ecological phenomena in an urban context, theoretical and analytically legit attacks to the design of the site. Hence, the arrangement and orientation of the edifice are all appropriate which is so influenced by the penchant of the client. Hence, this creates an empirical infinite which made the site sustainable and reduces pollution during building. Harmonizing to Ar. Perumal on his design of Mydin, he mentioned that his work experiments with houses to be sustainable, of course from land, embodied with ecological design such as H2O comes straight from land without JPA and it is self-sustainable. However, an off-grid power supply is non seen in Mydin. Hence, in this instance survey of Mydin, sustainability is seen on how his arrangement of data point of systems remain diverse and productive which is present in his floor programs. The facade designs are illustrations of an reading of an individuality which is present in the Malayan tradition. In more general footings, his construct of sustainability is embedded in the endurance and individuality devising of systems and processes to how a human interact with the infinite within the edifice. This so forms the base rule for Mydin design which includes the four distinctive values on its lift. It is the ecological, economic, societal and civilization perceptual experience of the Mydin Hypermarket. Architect Perumal sustainable design is besides to chair in usage of stuffs, energy and development infinite. Besides, it minimized the negative environmental impact of edifices by efficiency. Hence, the development of Mydin supermarket shows an attack to plan in architecture uses a witting attack to energy and ecological preservation in design of the environment. â€Å"Preservation of one’s wellness and soundness, † said Architect Perumal is a definition that is extracted from a book he read, an action to conserver bing status in any signifier and by any agencies is necessary for a sustainable attack on Earth. He wants his development of solutions to protect the ways of Earth’s biological diverseness in the urban context and he starts with the design of the Mydin supermarket. Geography The 2nd factor which influences Ar. Perumal is the geographical factor. As known the Mydin Hypermarket is located which is a sub urban context about 20km of the metropolis centre of Kuala Lumpur. It local context consist of leisure, diversion, lodging down all the manner to industrialise country. Facing, Persiaran Subang Permai, it is strategically located in the commercial territory of USJ. Hence, the edifice responded to the biggest route nearby which is the Lebuhraya Shah Alam. This makes both site context and the industries branding to hold a important impact alongside Persiaran Subang Permai. The survey on site which is done by Ar. Perumal, surveyed a evaluation for across five classs for this site â€Å" experience. † To be induced into the community of USJ instead than a edifice standalone on site. The intent is to make an terminal end for the community in footings of permeableness of advertisement and apposition of the edifice to assist the client in warranting their p lace as a â€Å" premium † stock list beginning as a hypermarket. Besides, planing Mydin via site context had been slippery plenty. It is needed to react to the nearby Segi College Subang Jaya which locates beside the Giant hypermarket. Hence, this made it interesting an interesting remote feeling thought by Ar. Perumal. Hence, he obtained information through the signifier of infographic while planing to geography, the informations and picture taking on site which assisted him in design via site context which made it possible to hike the visibleness of Mydin. Hence, the survey came in many signifiers such as head function, aerial imagination, and local study which deemed the angle of gap of the Mydin Hypermarket in USJ. Ar. Perumal besides emphasized the mapmaking ability of an designer must be strong plenty to understand the symbols and gestures of the site which made it more alive instead than a dead piece of land for an designer. The arrangement of the burden bay and the front lift is reasonably a behavioral psychological science that induces cl ients to map their motion inside and outside the edifice base one’s perceptual experience. Ar Perumal believes that a design is controlled by the clime. Which the clime which so transform the signifier to either protect from or reap the natural force of Mother Nature. Hence, the incorporation of Mydin into the USJ site will find what workss will turn at that place for green design, and how people will see it. However, he did non acquire a opportunity to plan a green roof for Mydin. Despite all that, Ar Perumal take in the three constituents to his green design attack which is the climatic response, workss and animate beings which are interwoven to make the cloth of a biome. Hence, the sunglight, north point and rainfall of USJ is of import to play with the materiality and gaps of the edifice on site. Climate Taking in consideration of the site, USJ has a tropical rain forest clime with no dry season. The country within 25 stat mis of this station is covered by croplands ( 73 % ) , oceans and seas ( 12 % ) , shrublands ( 9 % ) , and woods ( 5 % ) which have an mean day-to-day high temperature during May. This controls the gap and design of Mydin entranceway itself. Besides, the consideration of cold season during November to January takes no consequence to the edifice design as the mean tropical Malayan temperature is more or less the same throughout the whole twelvemonth. Therefore, doing it a significant edifice standing alongside the chief streets of USJ. While taking in consideration of the edifice scientific disciplines in USJ, Ar Perumal plays with the decrease of urban heat island consequence. He wants to cut down the hazard to human wellness in the built environment which is to cut down the consequence of it by take downing the temperature. At times, the site can confront a H2O deficit yarn as a consequence of reduced rainfall and seeks to counter it with environmental friendly methods. Hence, he proposed systems of options for extenuating clime alteration and their implicit in technological, economic and institutional demands to his client. This cut down the hazards, its uncertainness and ethical foundations of clime alteration extenuation on the site. He farther investigates extenuation steps for all major sectors and buttockss investing and finance issues so that it does non impact the verve and productiveness of the edifice itself. Ar Perumal captures value for his plants in Mydin for an promotion in his acknowledgment to originate the thrust and lucidity of the design to convey sure transparence of the market place. Therefore, assisting his client to back up their market place without jeopardizing the environment. As the alterations of the reinforced environment poses new menace to the climatic conditions subconciously, the enterprise to protect yet doing a gratifying reinforced experience without giving an aesthetically delighting edifice is tough but it is a challenge by the designer during his design phase of the Mydin Hypermarket.The character of our landscapes, as a altering clime impacts upon environmental, cultural, societal and economic factors which shape this character impacting the verve and productiveness of flora.Mention: Average Weather For Subang Jaya, Malaysia hypertext transfer protocol: //weatherspark.com/averages/34046/Subang-Jaya-Selangor-Malaysia

Characterization in William Shakespeare’s “Hamlet” and “Macbeth” Essay

William Shakespeare is regarded by many as one, if not the greatest writer of all time. It is interesting to note that his success is due to his tragedies. â€Å"Hamlet† and â€Å"Macbeth† are two of his best known work. Both titles deal with the tragedy of aristocratic people. Though, it appears that Shakespeare is fond of representing only one part of the society, he is actually talking about a very human flaw. Through the characters of his protagonists Hamlet and Macbeth, Shakespeare is suggesting that the real tragedy is found within one’s self. Initially, Shakespeare had characterized Macbeth as a brave warrior. The wounded captain tells the audience that Macbeth was wounded in the battlefield, suggesting that he had fought bravely. But as the plot progresses, the audience discovers that he is less admirable. This is immediately noticeable when Macbeth had met the witches. The witches told them that Macbeth would be the thane of Cawdor. Although, Macbeth says he does not want to think of the prophecy because the thane of Cawdor is still alive, he seems to ponder on the thought, â€Å"the thane of Cawdor lives: why do you dress me in Borrow’d robes?† There is a hint of irony in Macbeth words. It is like he wants to be thane of Cawdor but says he does not. Aside from mere false modesty, the audience would learn that Macbeth harbors within himself some self-doubt. If it was not for Lady Macbeth, Macbeth could have not done anything that he is certain he wants to do. On the other hand, Hamlet seems to be a more flawed character than Macbeth. He is constantly thinking about how to kill Claudius and exact revenge for his father. However, when he got his first chance to kill Claudius, he made a pass on the chance to do so. When Hamlet caught Claudius in prayer, he did not kill Claudius be cause he thought his father’s murderer might go to heaven. Perhaps a helpful quote to use is the famous â€Å"to be or not to be? † That line is a succinct description for Hamlet as he always contradicts himself. Shakespeare’s talent for being able to describe the complexity of the human brain, had made his works classics. Shakespeare seems to be more fond of the flaws of the thought process rather than physical flaws. That is in opposition to earlier works by other authors such as Oedipus Rex, where the protagonist has a deformed foot. Shakespeare’s protagonists are most of the time described as well-to-do. Both Hamlet and Macbeth are even admirable in the initial portions of their respective stories. But Shakespeare reveals that their flaws is on how they think. With Hamlet and Macbeth always contradicting themselves, a tragic conclusion seems inevitable. But their real tragedy is not because one would go insane and the other would be mortally wounded. Hamlet and Macbeth’s tragedy is that they themselves are the antagonists to their respective goals.

Influence of Space on Human Life

Everything that on the Earth similar to that in the sky. Hermes Trismegist For thousand-year history human being has always tried to learn the world around him and looked into illimitable spaces of the sky. Human being has always felt hunger for knowledge. Thirst for new knowledge has always presented in the human being. The human nature itself has leaded us to discover previously unknown secrets. I have always liked Apple Company. Now, when I have learned more about Steve Jobs, one of the founders of Apple Company I have understood why this company so imposed to me.Jobs and Waz put their souls into their business. They set a goal to be successful and searched greedy for new knowledge. Jobs's favorite expression is: â€Å"Stay hungry. Stay foolish†. If try to find qualities inherent to such successful people as politicians or businessmen it became possible to set the simple pattern that they put big sometimes fantastic goals before themselves and they have great diligence. It is a key to success, progress and development. The Universe always has been the main object of the human being observation. Our ancestors looked into the sky and much was unknown to them.Illimitable depths of the sky attracted them. Movement of the Sun and the Earth and other celestial bodies were the main objects of scientific researchers at all times. The human being has begun to overcome the earth’s gravity several centuries ago. Half a century ago and so far, the only time the human being has left his footprint on the surface of the Moon. It is very small time span in the scale of the Universe. Our telescopes and spacecrafts cannot scan and overcome necessary distances yet. Technological progress level of a mankind does not allow studying space bodies we are interested in.It is necessary for us to make the next evolutionary step. Because there is a continuous movement and there are processes in there where we still cannot look in. They can change the Solar system configur ation so to change our planet and life. We should study intensively and try to simulate possible exposure scenarios to be ready for unknown threats. The mankind should try to be rescued as in fact the future is in our hands. I have chosen a theme of space randomly. My mother is a journalist. She makes films commissioned by domestic television channels. My mother has worked above her next film in 2008.This time she has chosen a theme of innovations in economy. She has convincingly showed the value of space researches for development of Kazakhstan economy in her project. It is generally known that the largest cosmodrome on the Earth is in the territory of my country. It is Baikonur cosmodrome. Yuri Gagarin the first person has departed to the space from the first launching pad of Baikonur. Today hundreds of rockets a year are launched from our cosmodrome. These rockets launch satellites, space stations and the scientific equipment into the low Earth orbit.Discoveries which do scientis ts in space help to develop science and agriculture and also to learn changes in climate and many other things. Then I would like to learn more about influence of space on our life and what can we expects after 100, 300 or 500 years pass. Also it was very interesting to learn what lurks beyond the Solar system. In fact we know very little about it. In this project I would try to highlight only small part of the mentioned theme about the Universe Secrets as it is too extensive and deep theme to consider it entirely.Therefore, leaning only on known and clear to me facts, I have decided to develop such important theme in my project as â€Å"Influence of space on human life†. Now would like to tell about my aim. Based on the foregoing, I have a purpose to create informative electronic book for Miras International School community. With the help of my project I wish to inform others that the theme about the Universe can be very interesting. To learn about science researches and di rections that study space threats and ways of its definition and prevention.We should know on what a fragile and defenseless planet we live. All of this is madly interesting and fearful simultaneously. Plots of fantastic films can become a reality. My work can change our attitude to space, someone can be interested and someone can look at the world surrounding us in another way, to value and love it. We cannot notice it but every day we feel influence of the Sun, the Moon or other celestial bodies to the Earth and people. Day and night, ebbs or flows in the seas and oceans all of that is a result of the influence of the space bodies on our planet.We also know what impact can be in case of collision of the Earth with large fragments of space bodies (asteroids, comets, meteors, etc. ). Scientists are unable to define impacts of such collision yet. Large meteorites fell to the Earth at various times. Traces of the Tunguska meteorite in territory of Russia can be seen today. There was a great fire on the large territory. Thousand hectares of wood have been tumbled down. And what can be if great comet or its part would collide with the Earth. Any scientist can predict such collision impacts. Such collision can be tragic for the mankind.Considering this, I put primary objectives which I would try to highlight in my project: a. To view the literature on my topic; b. Find out how space affects human life; c. Investigate those questions: * What is the Universe? * To study the theoretical aspects and identify â€Å"Influence of space on human life†; * What is the main problem of â€Å"Influence of space on human life†? * How to solve those problems? * How much interesting the theme of space, its secret and influence of the space on human life can be? * In what direction the space science is developing? What successes scientists have? * How can I influence the outlook of people? d. Find the answers to the following questions: * In what sphere of activity yo u see yourself: in the humanitarian or natural? *   Who would you like to become in the future? Why? *   What is the main danger for humanity could you pick up? *   What is more dangerous for humanity: the threat of the earth or out of the earth? *   How can we influence the reduction of these threats? *   Can new technologies to harm our planet? *   Are there in the Universe any other civilization? *   Where is the end of the universe? e.Collect variety and good amount of sources and resources (interviews, surveys, newspaper, books, internet); f. Choose the most efficient way to transfer information (conceptual table); g. Create a product. My topic connect with area interaction â€Å"Human-Ingenuity†. A person must think about consequences of his activity. Year after year the human being learns more and more about his planet and the world about him. Events seeming today a fantasy tomorrow can be the ordinary phenomena. In fact, once spaceflights were themes of fantasts. A person creates, opens new technologies for alleviation of his life.In many cases things that created by the hands of the person is going as a harm. Our technologies lead serious changes of flora and fauna composition, quantity of population. Some kinds adapt to changed conditions, the other can disappear from the face of the earth. Therefore, we must always think that everything created by man was a blessing for all, not harming our environment. I dare to assume that the more people would learn about the probable collisions of the Earth with celestial bodies the more people would be shown with interest to this theme and probably would start to investigate this direction of the science seriously.Indeed, many people are blind about what can be with close to them people, houses if the Earth would be overtaken with monstrous accident suddenly. Then from the map of the Earth not only separate cities and states can disappear but also the Earth can stop its existence and human civilization would come to the end and the great minds, states should joint their efforts, scientific and intellectual resources to prevent such tragedy. The ideology of our actions is very simple only joint efforts are chance to survive.

Change Management Plans for Secure IT Systems (CSOs role in approving Essay

Change Management Plans for Secure IT Systems (CSOs role in approving changes) - Essay Example This includes the issue of online business transaction where IT and network are key components in ensuring efficient and effective transactions. Teams on network operations are trying to make improvements to the quality of the IT quality for the reason of meeting customer needs. These organizations and industries, therefore, to achieve the improvements have examined the processes in the areas of change management that the network changes are a source of downtime (Peters, 2000). These management changes need to be done due to various reasons. These reasons include; The change management in this sector ensures that there are efficient and prompt standardized ways and procedures in handling of all changes. It also leads to recording of configuration items and the changes to service assets in the management system. There is also support for business goals and wants due to the authorized changes, and business risk is reduced. Then the changes are managed to reduce the exposure of risk, reduce the impact of interruption and enhance successfulness of the management changes (Jacques, 2005). Management change provides required information and provides guidance on different size and kinds of organizations and changes that are either simple or complex changes for each lifecycle stage. It also shows the major and minor changes and the different levels of funding and budget to enhance effective change. The change management ensures that the business changing customers’ requirements are met by maximizing the value, minimizing the incidents, interruption, maximizing, and improving the network. It ensures the IT and businesses want requests are met, and there is a large room for information technology. There is management change in modifying, adding or removal of authorized service to meet the effective demands. This need for change erupts due to various reasons aimed at effectiveness. These

Critically evaluate, in relation to the common law duty of care, the Essay - 11

Critically evaluate, in relation to the common law duty of care, the liability of employers for references. How, if at all, does - Essay Example For explicit jurisdictions of laws of duty care three tests and their accompanying principles are conducted, that is, the evaluation of whether the harm was reasonably foreseeable; whether there is a requisite degree of proximity between the claimant and the defendant, and whether is it fair, just and reasonable to impose a duty of care in line with public policy concerns (Bruggemeier, 2004, 4). With a variety of recognizable situations such as one road user to another, manufacturer to consumer, doctor to patient and solicitor to client; where courts recognize existence of duty of care, this paper will evaluate employer to employee common law of duty care in relation to references given to potential employers. In our case, the references would fall in the doctrine of â€Å"Respondeat Superior† or â€Å"let the master answer†, in which the university is the master and the potential employer and/or the graduate is the agent, such that the university is charged with respon sibilities of negligence (Giliker, 2010, pp.4-5). For instance, the university owes duty care to the graduate in relation to giving background/ academic information to the potential employer and in cases where the university provides false information to the employer on the competence of the potential employee, then university is charged with legal responsibility of lack of care on the part of the employer in relation to the employee. Defamation is a liability with which communication or any social exchange of given parties tend to harm the reputation of another, lowering or under-estimating his/ her association with other people or the environment (Shuy, 2010, 2). In our case for instance, the university exchanges information on the graduate’s competencies which in one way or another, intentionally or negligently, is false and/or ruins the graduate’s chances of getting hired and his/her future career path and profession. For this matter, the tests of whether the harm was reasonably foreseeable will depend on the information leaked to the potential employer in relation to the morally accepted or the limit of personal information that the institution is supposed to share. The degree of proximity between the claimant and defendant, graduate and the university respectively, will apply in that the case law for academic institutions is to guide the graduates along their career paths and defamation at this point would make the university legally liable. The clause of whether it is fair, just and reasonable to impose a duty of care in relation to public policy would differ in such a case depending with the sensitivity of the information and its relevance to the potential employer (Glanon, 2010, 12). For example, on the issues of integrity and competence/qualifications on some sectors of the economy such as public finance, internal security or public health, the institution ought to give the information regardless of the defamation injuries to the gradua te; basing the argument on the public policy concerns, and thus differing from the provisions of the duty care. Truth and privilege are the major defenses to the defamation claims that waive the

Multiple questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Multiple questions - Essay Example I discovered later that the battery was an Eveready rechargeable and I don’t have a battery charger at home. If only I have read the book before the incident, I could be more specific and relate well with the store owner. 2. Just last month I visited a very close friend who is also our neighbor. I bought a pizza and I invited her family to share with the food. When we opened the pizza box all were happy except my friend. She told me that she was happy and fine but her facial expression showed she’s disgusted. She went upstairs and later reappeared. Later on, I learned from her mother that she doesn’t eat veggies like mushrooms, green peppers and red onions, and she has an allergy towards black olives. I also learned that she told her to go downstairs. Nevertheless we altogether enjoyed the time. I should have been more alert; when she looked disgusted it only means one thing–she doesn’t like it. Indeed, it pays to be more conscious and aware. In the future, I will know first persons whom I will have an interpersonal relationship with. 3. Since I am an African-American, I carry a remnant of African cultural heritage. Although the influence of America is great these days, I still think like an African, talk like an African-American and I value our kind of music, behaviors and even tradition. I still value our extended families. Of course, since I also carry an American cultural lineage, I also cherish things like the Hollywood. Ultimately, my preferences have shaped the kind of culture I’m living with. Culture is important in interpersonal communication since it can effectively send the message across without barriers. More significant is to know the culture of the person we’re interacting with to attain a resolution and understanding. Since we had a bitter history of racial discrimination, I have been very assertive with my rights and our equal privileges with the Whites. Sometimes, I get unconsciously aggressive to defend

Business Assignmet Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 1

Business Assignmet - Assignment Example There are 60 retail shops which the company uses to sell its shops and other accessories which it offers to its customers, these accessories include leather handbags, umbrellas, key fobs and other leather goods. Besides this, Cuero Ltd operates a distribution centre (Balcombe) not only helps them to distribute their own products but it also helps in distributing other associated products of its competitors, this gives Cuero Ltd a strong and dedicated distribution channel. Along with this distribution centre, the company runs a mail order business that helps in the promotion and marketing of the shoes and accessories produced and sold by the company. The performance of Cuero Ltd is to be appraised and evaluated on the basis of the 4 major organisational performance areas of analysis. These four major areas include; HR Performance issues; Financial Performance issues; Marketing and Supply Management issues. All of these areas of analysis are evaluated in separate individual reports to ascertain whether there are any issues/problems in that functioning area and how can that issue be resolved. This report analyses the performance of the people employed by Cuero Ltd. Besides the people directly by the company, other personnel whose activities may affect the business of Cuero Ltd is also considered. The Human Resource performance is appraised using the Critical incident method where the performance of the staff is appraised after assessing the positive and negative areas of their work. After the performance is analyzed, suitable recommendation as to the improvement of this function are also stated. Human resource is defined as "The people that staff and operate an organization"; as contrasted with the financial and material resources of an organization. Human Resources is also the organizational function that deals with the people and issues related to people such as compensation,

Gardasil a new vaccine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gardasil a new vaccine - Essay Example al Vaccine Information Center (NVIC) president Barbara Loe Fisher, pre-licensure trials of gardasil have not been disclosed neither by the FDA nor Merck. They did not reveal the truth and made it appear that the whole procedure has been safety. Far from the knowledge of the consumers, gardasil contains aluminum adjuvant that has potential health risk. Merck neither the FDA revealed that the aluminum content of Gardasil is 225 mcg. Researches show the unfavorable effects of aluminum with respect to health (Redhead K. et al. 1992). It has been determined that aluminum adjuvant produces the high risk of aluminum to enter the brain. Other than that there were serious adverse reactions such as headache, gastroenteritis, arthritis, appendicitis etc. that also manifested to gardasil recipients during the clinical trials. Loe Fisher told that, â€Å"Merck and the FDA have not been completely honest with the people,† which is the right impression. Health-wise, it is still very doubtful for gardasil to be considered a complete vaccine. Though Merck promises that gardasil can prevent four strain of HPV, it only works to about 70 percent of humanpapillomavirus. Those who will be vaccinated by gardasil will just be protected to that 70 percent of HPV and remain unprotected to that 30 percent more. Gardasil will not work to patient who already has HPV which implies that it can not be used as a treatment to the presence of HPV, too early to say that it is already a complete and effective vaccine. Another is that the said immunization has been tested to women with ages ranging from 9-26 years old. We should not be ignorant that based on the current researches, according to experts (Main Cancer Registry, 2006), data shows that incident rates of HPV related cervical cancer is lower during the bracket ages lower than 30. Cervical cancer is at higher risk at the age of thirty above. The period by which the research has been conducted and the number of respondents used is not