AP American HistoryEarly American Nationalism And Reform free essay sample

AP American HistoryEarly American Nationalism And Reform Essay, Research Paper The rise of in-migration in the mid seventeenth century lead to a spirit of national reform in the United States. Many Europeans, peculiarly the Irish and the German, immigrated to America during the 1800s. There were many different grounds for their in-migration, and when they came they influenced American civilization greatly. The United States changed sacredly, because of the German and Irish, politically because of the German and Irish, and economically/socially by virtuousness of the struggles between the Irish and the inkinesss and the influence of the Germans on instruction. When the Germans and the Irish immigrated to America, they greatly affected us sacredly. With the tremendous influx of the Irish and the Germans in the 1840s and 1850s, the Roman Catholics became the powerful spiritual group. Seeking to protect their kids signifier Protestant instruction in the public schools, these Roman Catholics began to build a separate Catholic educational system. We will write a custom essay sample on AP American HistoryEarly American Nationalism And Reform or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This was tremendously expensive for the hapless immigrant community, but revealed the strength of its spiritual committedness. ? Native? Americans were concerned that this? foreign rabble? would set up the Catholic Church at the disbursal of Protestantism. The Americans formed a party known as the? Know-Nothing? party, given its name because it was so close. This party wanted stiff limitations on naturalisation and in-migration and Torahs leting the exile of foreigners. This group besides caused occasional rabble force against the Catholic schools and churches. This lead to national reform because the Irish and the Germans had, in a manner, created a new dominant faith, and helped make more spiritual diverseness. The Irish and the Germans were highly influential in American political relations. The Irish possessed an extreme hatred for the British. As the Irish increased their population in the United States to about two million, politicians frequently found it politically good to d iss and roast England. Most Germans who came to Ameri ca came because America was one of the brightest hopes of democracy. German progressives with their thoughts about bondage and public corruptness contributed to the upheaval of American political life. Like the Irish, the Germans were influential electors whom the American politicians took great advantage of. However, the Germans were less influential because their strength was more widely scattered. The Irish besides affected the United States economically and socially. The Irish came to America because of the atrocious murphy dearth in Ireland. They came to America excessively hapless to travel West to purchase land, equipment and farm animal. Forced to populate in poorness they worsened the already hapless slum conditions. As rivals for occupations, the Irish ferociously hated the inkinesss. The Irish, along with the inkinesss, were at the underside of the societal ladder and competed for humble, low-income occupations. However in some instances, the Irish began to derive control of metropolis machines, most notably, New York? s Tammany Hall. Before long Irishmen dominated police sections in a considerable sum of the larger metropoliss. This modified the American economic system because now the southern plantation proprietors could be less reliant on slaves. Subsequently on, this helped the southern economic system because when they made the slave trade illegal, the southern plantation proprietors had already become less dependent on their slaves, because now they besides had inexpensive Irish labour. The Germans helped determine American instruction when they emigrated signifier Germany. The Germans came to America better educated them the? Native? Americans. They supported public schooling, and introduced us into one of their thoughts known as kindergarten. The Germans besides did many things to excite the acquisition and cognition of humanistic disciplines and music. This influenced America socially by bettering our instruction with new thoughts, and bett er cognition. America was greatly influenced in the 1800? s by the rise of in-migration, chiefly the Irish and the Germans. Immigration led to a spirit of national reform by impacting America politically, economically/socially, and sacredly. 376

The eNotes Blog Note-Taking Essentials Highlighting the GoodStuff

Note-Taking Essentials Highlighting the GoodStuff Exchange Ideas by Collaboration Youve spent years taking notes in classbut have you ever stopped to think, is this note-taking strategy the right one for me? Well help you reflect on your current  note-taking strategies  to find room for  improvements, and ultimately your academic career, with these new strategies, tips, and tricks. Take note! Types of Notes Cornell Method   Youve probably heard of (and used) Cornell Method Notes–one of the most popular note-taking strategies amongst students today. This technique is best used when needing to divide your notes into three  sections: keywords, notes, and a summary. In the left margin, select keywords that are significantly important or words that include a definition. In the right column, keep more important ideas about the keyword selected. Try to keep these notes short sweet–creating notes in the right column that are too long or not organized with the correct keyword can become confusing and unclear when needing to look back at your notes. At the end of your notes, develop a summary to help you reflect on the key aspects you surely dont want to forget! Split-Page Method This method, very similarly to the Cornell Method Notes, requires dividing the note-page vertically into two sections: main ideas and secondary ideas. With split-page method notes, the ideas is that you are continuously organizing your ideas, so that you can better optimize your study time when using your notes. Visual Aids   Using visual aids when taking notes has been shown to improve the way our brain processes information. Visual aids can involve the use of photographs, diagrams, graphs, films. Rather than writing several paragraphs of information, you can organize your ideas into a cleaner, more appealing way to he eye. The use of colors and different visual elements can be a more resourceful method when it comes to yo developing ideas and memorizing information. Exchange Ideas by Collaboration During a large class lecture filled with several hundred students, it can be very helpful to befriend a couple  students that you to trust to take good notes on your behalf for those days youre out sick  (or the days where life just happens). Youll be able to make the most of a missed day and stay caught up on important information that might be crucial to your next quiz or exam. Creating a diverse study group will also help you exchange ideas by collaboration and allow you to gain different perspectives on lessons you might not have been familiar with before. You can share notes, quiz each other, and critique each others essays. Just remember–dont get lazy. You cant expect your study buddy to do everything for you. If you both take detailed notes and do your parts, youll find yourself reaping the rewards of discussing new ideas and gaining new perspectives! Important Quick Tips for Successful Notes Make sure you attend your classes–attendance in class give you optimum success for taking great notes. Read all textbook material relevant to the topic prior to attending class–preparing for lectures and discussions ahead of time allows you to be familiar with the subject and know what to ask. Youll know ahead of time what to write, and what is extremely important. Have a designated work space where you feel youre most inspired to complete your best work and stay focused. Keep the notes for one class separate from your other classes. Even better, have a separate binder for each classes notes. Using Your Notes to Write an Essay You can use a variety of techniques to take notes when you are reading for an essay, but the   most important aspect to remember is to record the key information and ideas in your own words. The benefit to taking notes from a reading in your own words will ensure that you avoid any plagiarism and violations to your schools academic code–its easy to forget that the notes you jotted down werent actually your own, but, rather, the authors (word for word!). Taking notes in your own words will also allow you to have a better understanding of the text youre reading. While  taking notes from a specific reading, write down all the information you might need for your works cited page–title of the text, author, page number, paragraph number, etc. Youll thank yourself  when youve finished your essay and go to complete your works cited page! Youll save a ton of time and frustration of not having to back-track through your book trying to find where you used a direct quote or paraphrased information. MLA Style Guidelines Overview → APA Style Guidelines Overview → Remember that good note taking calls for effort! Show up to class, listen intently, and write legibly (and maybe with a  favorite writing utensil!). If you put these  note-taking essentials to practice, we ensure youll be taking more meaningful notes to increase your chances for academic success in the classroom and beyond. Further Reading More on the Cornell Method of note-taking (and image source):  http://martinabex.com/2011/07/06/cornell-notes/ More on taking notes with graphs (and image source):  school-for-champions.com/grades/taking_notes_with_graphical_outlines.htm

Relevance of marketing concept to the 21st century business of Essay

Relevance of marketing concept to the 21st century business of sainsbury - Essay Example Marketing is science of choosing the target market via market segmentation and analysis and also getting the insight of the consumer buying behaviour and giving them superior and better customer value (Roe, 2004). Description of the Marketing Concept The marketing concept is goal oriented and integrated concept that producers of services and goods practice and the basic focus is upon the satisfaction of needs of the consumers over needs of the company that is producing (McCarthy, 1960). The marketing concept says that the needs and the desires of the target market should be determined and fulfilled so that the goals of the producer can be achieved successfully. The major role of marketing is to assist in the identification, satisfaction and retention of the customers. The loyalty of the customers can be gained by constantly delivering the competitive advantage. A general term that is used for describing the various kinds of options that are available to the company for bringing their service or product into the market is known as marketing mix (Fletcher, 2004). There are four Ps that come in this marketing mix that mean product, promotion, price and place. The value added selling concept is gaining importance day by day for quite some time now. So many services and products in the market today are considered to be commodity and therefore the addition of value to them is absolutely important. It is very important to provide a high professionalism level and an expert advice. (Ferrell et al., 1998). Packaging, service levels, frequent buyer programs, recognition and rewards, transitions, education, qualititative presence, speed of service and delivery, insider information and dedicated personnel are all important things when it comes to adding value (Wrigley, 2000). Market segmentation is also an important phenomenon as the buyers of the service or a product are not members of a homogenous group. In actual all the buyers have their own specific needs, characterist ics, preferences etc (Assael, 1992). The common characteristics help in the development of standard marketing mix for all similar customers in a segment. Some of the researchers have regarded segmentation as the strategy for conquering the markets by dividing them. Target Market is a term that describes the segment of the market o which the specific service or good is marketed. This is mainly done on the basis of gender, age, geography, demographics and socio economic grouping etc. Target marketing relates to the market breaking up into segments, and after that concentration of the marketing efforts upon a single or few of the key segments. The process of target marketing makes the process of pricing, promotion, distribution much easier and much more cost effective. It provides a focus on all the marketing activities (Smith, 2001). Positioning relates to the way the potential buyers visualize the product and it is the position that your brand has in the minds of target consumer. Dom estic marketing involves the marketing strategies that attract and impact the customers within a country’s political boundaries. In the international marketing

Training and Development of Hiring Practices Case Study

Training and Development of Hiring Practices - Case Study Example A competent staff is indispensable to gain and maintain the competitive advantage. A JA process is rigorous and as such, it needs an important trigger. Triggers such as a change in the organization’s value proposition are some of the aspects that could call for a JA (Watkins, Meiers, & Visser, 2012). As earlier discussed, Training Needs Analysis determines the particular range of the needs that are manageable through training. Nevertheless, it is vital to note that not all needs may prompt the need for training in fixing the perceived issue. A three-tiered approach to analyzing needs exists (Bowman, & Wilson, 2008). The organizational analysis allows the manager to view the performance of the organization and highlights the performance problems in particular departments within the firm (Narasimhan, & Ramanarayanan, 2012). The level of analysis pertains examining the internal environment of the organization. It also extends to possible influences on employee performance and constructing its fit in line with the objective of the organization (Watkins, Meiers, & Visser, 2012). To conduct an organizational analysis, information can stem from channels such as the goals of the organization, its mission statement, and strategies. At the operational level of analysis, focus shifts to knowledge, skills and capabilities necessary for the execution of specific tasks. Termed the task analysis, it calls for an extensive examination of a task to ease the identification of the abilities needed for the exemplary execution of the task (Lubke, 2011). As Shah, & Gopal, (2012) claim, job descriptions, and performance standards are among the most effective sources of information for the task analysis framework. A manager could ask â€Å"highlight the specific tasks you are to accomplish during the workshop,† or† â€Å"provide an overview of the tasks scheduled for tomorrow in order of priority?†Ã‚  Ã‚  

Workshop tasks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Workshop tasks - Essay Example 36 percent of independent travel agents and 9.6 percent of multiple travel agents responded to the survey. The overall response among both types of travel agents was 19.5 percent. The majority (69.23 percent) of respondents were independent travel agents. 59 percent travel agents were not owned by a parent company. Among travel agents, 49 percent had a single branch, 20 percent had 2-4 branches, 18 percent had 5-10 branches, and 13 percent had more than 10 branches. 31 percent respondents felt that contributing to the local economy was very important, 49 percent respondents felt that contributing to the local economy was somewhat important, 8 percent respondents felt that contributing to the local economy was of little importance, 10 percent of respondents felt that contributing to the local economy was of no importance, and 2 percent of respondents did not respond to the question. 33 percent of the respondents felt that protecting the local environment was very important, 41 percent of the respondents felt that protecting the local environment was somewhat important, 15 percent of the respondents felt that protecting the local environment was of little importance, 8 percent of the respondents felt that protecting the local environment was of no importance, and 3 percent respondents did not respond to the question. 61 percent of the respondents felt that understanding the local culture and customs was very important, 18 percent of the respondents felt that understanding the local culture and customs was somewhat important, 10 percent of the respondents felt that understanding the local culture and customs was of little importance, 8 percent of the respondents felt that understanding the local culture and customs was of no importance, and 3 percent respondents did not respond to the question. The majority of respondents felt that contributing to the

Task-Centred Practice and Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy

Task-Centred Practice and Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy Social Work Approaches The social work profession promotes, encourages and elicits social change in those they work with and society. This essay will examine two approaches used to support change in social work today, Task-Centred Practice and Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy, and compare and contrast these two. The essay will achieve this by applying these two interventions to Case Study Two, analysing the advantages and limitations of each method. Finally the essay will discuss any anti-discriminatory issues raised in the application of the discussed social work approaches. Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (hereon CBT) is a psychological approach based on a combination of theories of learning: social learning, operant and classical conditioning (Teater, 2010 p.141). The approach is a composite of behavioural and cognitive therapies, involving assessing and changing behaviours, thoughts and feelings together. CBT suggests that service user problems or difficulties are a result of thoughts, feeling and behaviours being unescapably linked, therefore how a service user views themselves or situations affects their behaviour and emotions (Vonk and Early, 2009). However, CBT only focuses on presenting problems and their current causes. The goal of CBT is to change service users’ existing faulty or negative thoughts feelings or behaviours and replace them with more socially acceptable and positive thoughts, feelings and behaviours that decrease the problem. The use of CBT derives from criticisms of Psychodynamic theory for not being evidence-based and not b eing effective in creating change (Howe, 2009). However CBT is not the only evidence-based approach. Similar to CBT, Task-Centred Practice (hereon TCP) is based on strong research evidence; studies by Reid and Shyne, Reid and Epstein and Reid demonstrated planned short-term treatment using task-centred model was effective (Payne, 2005 p.99). In contrast to all other approaches TCP was developed within social work for social work practice, and is commonly used in social work today. TCP is focused on problem-solving; a versatile approach, TCP is used in a wide range of problems (Stepney and Ford 2012 p.102) including interpersonal conflict, dissatisfaction with social relations, problems in social transition, financial problems and behavioural difficulties (Ford, 1978 as cited in Stepney and Ford 2012 p.103). Doel (1991 as cited in Teater, 2010) states that TCP uses key values related to social work, for example partnership and empowerment: clients are seen as the experts in their problems; the approach builds on service users’ strengths rather than weaknesses; and finally that the Social Worker is providing help rather than treatment. TCP’s assumption of client as expert is another point of contrast to CBT. However CBT has its own assumptions. CBT holds three basic assumptions: firstly, an individual’s cognitions mediate emotions and behaviours (Trowel et al, 1988; Vonk and Early, 2009 as cited in Teater, 2010 p.146); secondly, faulty or distorted cognitions lead to psychological distress and dysfunction (trowel et al, 1988 as cited in Teater); finally, diminishing or alleviating psychological distress and dysfunction requires modification and change to the faulty or distorted cognitions and behaviours (Trowel et al, 1988; Vonk and Early, 2009 as cited in Teater, 2010 p.146). CBT takes these assumptions and creates a structured approach to working with service users. Coulshed and Orme (2006 p.181-182) describe the CBT approach in eight clear stages; engagement, problem focus, problem assessment, teaching cognitive principles, dispute and challenge assumptions, encourage the client’s self-disputing, set behavioural homework and finally, ending. This extremely structured approach is another point of comparison with TCP. TCP, similar to CBT, is built around a clear model, and progresses through set stages. Firstly, ‘identifying the problem’; TCP is a collaborative approach which works to tackle problems the service users acknowledge and understand (Doel, 1991 as cited in Teater, 2010 p.178). In addition the service user must express a wish to work on the problem alone or with the help of worker (Reid and Epstein as cited in Teater, 2010 p.179) Next, ‘exploring the problem’ in detail, selecting the problem that is causing the client most distress. From the problem ‘define a goal’ which diminishes or removes the problem, ‘establish tasks’ for the worker and service user towards reaching the goal, and finally ‘evaluate’ if the goal has been met and if the problem is removed (Reid and Epstein, 1972 as cited in Teater, 2010). The essay will now examine how these approaches could be applied to Case Study Two. Case Study Two presents many key issues. The service user, Neil, is facing many difficulties at one time, which include problems with family, aggressive behaviour which has resulted in his homelessness, and lack of money, food, bedding, and household items. In addition he is also worried about moving GP. Many of Neil’s problems could be tackled using either CBT or TCP; selective eclecticism allows social workers to choose which approach would best suit each problem. The problems of homelessness, money and the want of a job are better suited to TCP; they are problems of living that may also include some social factors which CBT would not account for. The problem of behaviour where Neil is swearing in the family and the anxiety toward the change of GP would be best suited for CBT intervention, as this is proven to help with problems of behaviour and anxiety (Sheldon, 2011). In Neil’s case, the first stages of TCP, identifying problems, exploring problem and setting goals, would need to be applied in the early meetings between Neil and the social worker. The collaborative period needs careful discussions and mutual agreement on problems and goals. A possible outcome may be tackling the problems such as homelessness, lack of money, food and unemployment in order; however, other factors may make this unrealistic. The ‘SMART’ method for goal setting is commonly applied, stating goals must be: specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and timely (Marsh and Doel, 2005 p.36). The assessment phase of CBT mirrors this early approach of TCP. During CBT’s assessment phase the service user and worker examine the links in thoughts, feelings and behaviours using the ‘A-B-C model’, as well as measuring intensity, duration and frequency of the problem (Teater, 2010 p.145). After assessment both approaches then move to intervent ion phases. TCP uses tasks as an intervention. The task should be planned carefully, asking: what is the task, the reason for the task, and what the person needs to be able to achieve the task. These stages can be simplified to what, why and how (Marsh and Doel, 2005 p.55). The tasks are performed by either the service user, the social worker or by both parties in session. In contrast, a CBT intervention is classified into distinct categories of intervention including cognitive restructuring, relaxation techniques, social skill training, assertion training, problem-solving skills, aversion therapy, systematic desensitisation, reinforcement and modelling (Teater, 2010 p.149-150). The actual intervention that is selected is dependent on the problem faced. In the case of Neil, cognitive restructuring may be suitable to approach the anxiety and his false belief that his doctor is the only one who can understand him. This is done by challenging the assumption, reinforcing self-challenging and homewor k. Next both approaches move on to the ending phase. The ending or evaluation phase is critically important in both CBT and TCP. Both approaches use close evaluation of the goals and progress made in the intervention; this evidence-based practice is seen as a great benefit of both these approaches. CBT uses data collected in the assessment phase as a tool for evaluating the outcome of the intervention. This is done by comparing intensity, duration and frequency of thoughts or behaviours before the intervention and after, giving a measure of success or failure in the intervention (Sheldon, 2011). TCP uses a similar process of evaluation: firstly regular assessment of the outcome of the tasks set measures change in capability; secondly, TCP monitors whether the service user’s goals have been met or the problem solved. This measurability of evidence-based approaches finds them favoured by funders and managers in social work (Payne, 2005 p.101). These are not the only benefits of these approaches. TCP has many other qualities that result in it being commonly used: it is generic, can be used in many settings and with many different clients groups (Teater, 2010 p.189). TCP can be used easily in combination with many other approaches, such as motivational interviewing to help someone who may be unsure about change (Teater, 2010 p.189). Both CBT and TCP are highly structured and easy to use (Payne, 2005). Furthermore both interventions are brief and time-limited while remaining effective (Stepney and Ford, 2012). However these approaches have some limitations. TCP requires that service users can make connections between problems, tasks and goals; this is not possible with all service users, as some may be unwilling or experience difficulty in making connections (Marsh and Doel, 2005). CBT also faces similar difficulty with service user commitment the approach relies on equal involvement from the social worker and the service user in changing faulty learning process or behaviours (Teater, 2010 p.155). In addition, Payne (2005) suggests another weakness in TCP is its failure to tackle the long-term individual or social problems. This is especially pertinent in Neil’s case, in which he and his family have had previous social service interventions. Another criticism of CBT is that it only focuses on the individual: oppression, discrimination, racism and poverty are not addressed in the approach (Teater, 2010 p.155). Furthermore, by not accounting for oppression and discrimination, TCP and CBT may inadvertently exacerbate both. Thompson (2012) defines anti-discriminatory practice as an approach to social work practice which seeks to eliminate discrimination and oppression, and argues it is fundamental to social work. However, a social work intervention often places power and influence in the hands of social work, and there is scope for discrimination and oppression in social work practice, whether intended or unintended. CBT focuses on changing behaviour from inappropriate to appropriate. What is ‘appropriate’ behaviour is culturally relative and a misinformed social worker may attempt to change acceptable behaviour thus creating oppression. However, cultural sensitivity must be balanced with ability to challenge behaviour that causes discrimination in itself (Tanaka-Matsumi et al., 2005 as cited in Teater, 2010 p.156). Marsh and Doel (2005 as cited in Teater, 2010 p.191) suggests that TCP is allied with empowerment-based approaches and anti-oppressive practice as TCP takes account of power and oppression in a wider social context. The approach emphasises partnership and transparency, highlighting any power imbalance should be made explicit from the beginning of the intervention (Teater, 2010 p.191). Doel and March (2005) further argue that the client should be informed and as involved as possible. However, TCP relies on the service user accepting that there is a problem; this point may become a point of oppression whereby the social worker may force their perspective of the problem upon the service user, particularly in mandated work (Doel, 2002 as cited in Teater, 2010). However, good practice in TCP sees the service user as the expert in their problem and the social worker as helper, rather than prescriber of a course of action (Teater, 2010 p.191). In conclusion, supporting and eliciting change is a difficult job for social work. Numerous factors play a part in a service user problem or want. No one approach will consider all the factors all the time, therefore being eclectic in choosing an intervention is a key social work skill. As shown, both TCP and CBT are very practical approaches: each has a clear structure, a strong evidence-base and uses evaluation to show the efficacy of an intervention. However each approach has weaknesses: TCP fails to address long-standing problems and asks service user to have good insight into their problems. CBT does not account for oppression, discrimination, racism and poverty, instead focusing on the individual. Like all interventions in service users’ lives, both CBT and TCP can be oppressive and discriminatory used casually or incorrectly. However, handled with care, collaboration and transparency, both TCP and CBT can be used to support service users to empower themselves into makin g the changes they want to make. Reference List Adams, R, Dominelli, L and Payne, M. (2009) Critical practice in social work, 2nd edition, London: Palgrave. Coulshed, V and Orme, J. (2012) Social Work Practice, 5th Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Marsh, P and Doel, M. (2005) the Task-Centred Book, Abingdon: Routledge. Howe, D. (2009) a Brief Introduction to Social Work Theory, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Payne, M. (2005) Modern Social Work Theory, 3rd Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Teater, B. (2010) Applying Social Work theories and methods, Berkshire: Open University Press. Thomson, N. (2012) Anti-discriminatory practice, 5th edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Sheldon, B. (2011) Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy, 2nd edition, Abingdon: Routledge. Stepney, P and Ford, D. (2012) Social Work Models, Methods and Theories, 2nd Edition, Dorset: Russell House Publishing Ltd. Vonk, M, E Early, T, J. (2009) Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy, New York: Oxford.

This Comfortable Cage Called America :: Personal Narrative Essays

This Comfortable Cage Called America    My brothers have a cage in which they keep two iguanas.   I'm sure these creatures were born in captivity, and I assume they will die in the same cage they are in now.   It's not a bad cage.   There are quite a few square feet for them to run around, there is a stick they can climb up and down, there is a heat rock they can relax on, and they have everything they need to survive at their clawtips.   They don't even need to hunt for their meals because their meal tickets (my brothers) provide them with four square meals a day.   They can see outside their cage, but have no idea what it would be like to live outside.   I often wonder, however, what would happen if we were to set these two animals free in what would be considered a natural habitat for most iguanas in the wild.   Would they be likely to adapt in no time at all, or would they look for a nice place with four glass walls and a stick to play on?   And how could this story about two lizards, even if used metap horically, apply to us as a race?   We are responsible for our entrapment within four similar glass walls, yet we are not aware of them.   Inside of a cage called America we sit, and though we have a great view of the rest of the world, that's all it is-a view.   If we could somehow find a way of recognizing and breaking out of this comfortable cage called life, we would be more capable of coming together as a human race and putting an end to a division so obvious that terms such as "first world" and "third world" are created to define the differences.   Although I will incorporate the use of a few references, the main section of this essay will focus on my own experiences of life in another country which, in its own way, was another world.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I was taught little in school or home about cultures and people other than my own.   Was theple other than my own.   Was there a reason I should have learned about a less productive people in some remote country?   There was nothing wrong with the land of the free and the home of the brave, and whether or not I was culturally diverse was of little importance in my life-until I went to live in a different country.

Application of relevant principles and values Essay

In this assignment I will be writing a report explaining how the application of relevant principles and values will allow professionals to provide holistic support for individuals, such as John and Amina, who use social services. Empowerment- Empowerment means giving individuals a good amount of information regarding themselves so that they are able to have a say in decision making and choices about their own life. This is what is happening in John’s life as he very happy remaining in his own council flat even though it would make much sense for him to be put into a care home, where he can be cared for at all times but his decision is that he wants to live on his own he will not be forced to do anything but he can only receive information that he needs about things that he can do whenever he is ready. This benefits John in the way that it will lift his self-esteem. Making him feel empowered will make him feel that his say matters and that his thoughts and feelings are not bein g ignored. it will make him feel as if he is being respected and still considered as a responsible human being. As for the professional staff supporting him, enabling John to feel empowered may make them feel like they are enhancing productivity and collaboration by working together with him. It may give them a sense of shared purpose. Promotion of choice- This is encouraging that all individuals need to be able to select, either independently or with assistance, things like options and activities which are specifically for them. Choice can be promoted by explaining to the individual what is important to them and might not be to others. In Amina’s case she wants to study at university and this is her own choice and something that she really wants to do and no one can stop her from wanting that. Promotion of rights- This would be acknowledging and respecting somebody’s individuality. This includes confidentiality, discrimination, age and race. John seems as if he isn’t having problems concerning his rights because his neighbours seems to be trying their best to help him instead of discriminating against or seeing him as annoying because of his age. The promotion of choice and rights will benefit Amina because she will feel as if she is being acknowledg ed and that the steps are taken regarding her health are entirely up to hers and that she is not just going by what other people think. It also means that Amina can say or do what she wants and is entitled and not feel as if it is okay because she has  already been told that she will not be judged or ridiculed. This will make carers feel satisfied in knowing that they are doing their job right and being fair to the service user. Recognition of service users- This is just recognising a vulnerable person’s preferences. if this is acknowledged it makes working together easier. individuals like John may wish to state his preferences regarding the type of support that he wishes to receive, such as if a carer comes to his house on certain days of the week to check on him however he might not be comfortable with this being every day. The benefit of this is that it may give John the sense that he is still living independently despite of all the help that he may be receiving. It is important that he is not made to feel like everyone is making a big deal over him. It is important that he feels he is still allowed to stay in control of his daily life and activities. Carers may benefit from this by feeling like their job is made easier because if John is feeling independent the chances are that he will be a pleasure to work with. Involvement of individuals in planning their support- This is a person-centred approach to care. This means that care is focused on the individual to ensure that independence and autonomy are promoted. Care workers should not make decisions without discussing and consulting the individual which is involved. For example, John wouldn’t suddenly be informed that he is being moved into a care home without his own consent. Both John and the care worker benefit from this because they engage in conversation. John benefits out of this because, he is stating what he really wants as this is all about him, his interests and abilities so this means they have his best interest at heart and will provide him with what he is asking for. The care worker may benefit from this because collecting this information will help them long term as they are finding out things about John which they may have never really need. Respect for religious beliefs, moral beliefs, values and care- There is a diverse range of backgrounds in Britain and this means there is a wide range of behaviours and beliefs which should be recognised and valued. Living and working in a culturally and socially diverse society can benefit us because we are exposed to many different kinds of people and we learn from them and enjoy the things that they may have to share. For example, Amina would benefit if she was to be sent a duty social worker originally from South Africa and she may really get along with him/her  because they might always tell great stories about South Africa and its wildlife and in turn the social worker may enjoy hearing Aminas stories about where and how she grew up, she would enjoy these visits from social services and would probab ly feel less like she is being interrogated all the time. This benefits both Amina and the duty social worker because they are both socialising and may gain new found interests. Anti-discriminatory practice- Discrimination is caused by prejudice and that leads to negative behaviour. It is to treat someone differently because of their class or background without regard to the individual. Examples include, social, racial, religious, sexual, disability, ethnic and age related discrimination. There is also a danger of stereotyping or making assumptions about people because of the above factors, for example people may stereotype against an individual like John because he is older. The anti-discriminatory practice benefits John because it means that he doesn’t have to worry about being discriminated against. The anti-discriminatory practice makes sure that an individual like John doesn’t suffer from discrimination which means that his physical and psychological needs are not being ignored as discrimination leads to stress which coul d make his dementia worse. The care worker benefits from this because it means that there is less risk of John’s health deteriorating. Holistic approach- This would be considering all of a person’s needs and providing opportunities for the needs to be met. This includes physical, intellectual, emotional and social needs. Even though Amina has enough physical needs, this should not be the only thing that is being paid attention to. Perhaps her social well-being should also be acknowledged , this can be done by social workers suggesting things to her such as clubs where she can be involved in playing chess with her peers every once or twice a week. This would benefit Amina because it will mean that her mind will work better for a reasonable amount of time and it means that not only one part of her whole self is being considered. This will make the care worker feel as if they are doing their job properly because providing care for Aminas PIES means taking care of her as a whole. Working in partnersh ip- This would be different health and social care agencies working together. Sharing good practice contributes to the support of vulnerable individuals. For example, when it comes to supporting John, the social worker and the doctor need to work together in order to share ideas  and suggestions regarding John’s health support plan. This benefits John because many people working together to provide care for him means that there will be more options for him since everyone has a say and there are more suggestions for him. This benefits the care worker because they are not working on their own, they have others to help them out and share each other’s ideas, that some people on their own wouldn’t have been able to put together. A multi-disciplinary/inter-agency approach- This is different professions and services co-operating so that certain problems are avoided when planning support. Different options can be considered and resources can be offered to be included in the support plan in order for things to run smoothly for individuals like John, they may arrange to refer him to local authorities and various organisations such as age concern in order for him to receive the best support. This also means that he will never run short of anything or people around him. This will provide a better outcome coming from the care workers as their job is made simpler because a well organised multi-disciplinary team can help avoid duplication of roles and conflicts of responsibilities between the different agencies, support plan manager and John himself. Confidentiality- This means that an individual has a right to privacy and control over their personal details. if the individual has trusted you enough for them to reveal their information, it is important to keep information provided by the individual confidential, it is also legal requirement. Sometimes this information needs to be passed on to another professional in John’s case, his doctor may need to pass on some information to his duty social worker but this must not be done unbeknownst to him. This benefits John because it means that sometimes he can let all of his thoughts out in confidence to somebody that he trusts and can feel as if a weight has been lifted of his shoulders this is because sometimes it is good to talk to someone about how you are feeling as it will help his emotional needs. This benefits the care worker because John opening up to them may make it easier for them to help him, advise him and hear his cry for help without having to wonder what he is really thinking. Fulfilling responsibilities- Care workers must follow the policies and procedures of the place in which they are employed and they must take full responsibility because they signed a contract. By doing this, they are safeguarding individuals like John who are in their care and are being good role models. This will also ensure that  people like John feel like they are actually being heard and that they are not alone and their needs are being fully met. This also benefits the care workers themselves because if John is satisfied then that gives them the heads up that they are meeting his needs and that they didn’t come into the job to be unhelpful and a disappointment.

Learn How To Paraphrase Properly With The Best Online Guide

Learn How To Paraphrase Properly With The Best Online Guide Learning to Paraphrase: A Step-By-Step Guide Paraphrasing is often not taken seriously both by students and teachers, while students think it is the easiest task ever, and teachers, in turn, assume that every student knows well how to do it. There is a good reason for the professors to think so. In our daily speech, each of us paraphrases several times a day, for example, various morning or talk show conversations or phrases, friends, parents, blogs, etc. We all live and communicate. Every day we render something said earlier by one person to another person or party, and we don’t do that word for word. So, paraphrasing is a natural way for all humans to convey information. Thus, if we do it so often, it’s possible to assume everyone knows well how to do it well. However, it’s crucial for students to know how to do it in order to avoid plagiarism. Besides, mastering this skill will allow you citing someone’s ideas without a need of a word for word quotation. When you are able to paraphrase pro perly, you have a chance to make your writing diverse and show how you mastered the material. What Is Paraphrasing? Paraphrasing means to keep the meaning of the original text without copying its exact wording. Massachusetts Institute of Technology defines paraphrasing as taking the words of another source and using your own vocabulary to restate them. A paraphrase is actually swapping the keywords not to parrot the author and render his main idea at the same time. Yes, it may sound really simple, however, there are so many students having troubles with it. The problem is that when paraphrasing, they misinterpret the main idea of the original text. Linguistic scholars define full paraphrase and quasi-paraphrase. According to Bhagat Hovoy, it can cause very subtle but still very essential meaning, implication, and point of view differences. Bhagat Hovoy define paraphrasing as phrases or sentences rendering almost the same meaning through using different words. The Difference Between Paraphrasing and Plagiarism The main difference between paraphrasing and plagiarizing is very simple, correct paraphrasing usually has a source attached or cited. When citing someone else’s source you show that you do not try to produce someone’s work for your own. Ideas are really valuable in academia, so if you try to pass off someone’s idea as your own, it is perceived as stealing. And there is a good reason for that, while some academics spend much time on their studies to come up with those ideas, and stealing them is a serious offense. They might be just phrases or words for you, but those ideas are the result of someone’s hard work. When paraphrasing, you don’t only change the main words but also the sentence structure, and at the same time, you give some new life to the text. According to some experts, if a paraphrase has seven or more words from the original source and it is not acknowledged properly, it is considered to be plagiarism. It is necessary to save the meaning and intent of the original idea as much as possible, but the words and vocabulary, in general, have to be different. It is a sort of following a recipe and at the same time, substituting each ingredient by something else and getting the same dish at the end. And don’t forget to state the original author in the reference. The Difference Between Paraphrasing and Summarizing When summarizing, you can gather all the main ideas of another thinker or author in their core concepts. There is a very small difference between a summarized paragraph and a paraphrased one. A paraphrased paragraph, as a rule, is aimed to give the main idea of what it is referring to. A summarized paragraph is intended to show the main points and ideas of the initial source. Both of them must have citation and references to the original source. It is very possible to make a properly paraphrased summaries and even plagiarized summaries. A summary that is paraphrased properly should restate a written summary via new vocabulary and structure. It also requires correct in-text citation. A plagiarized summary will restate the same original summary’s ideas using many the same keywords. And it is not referred to the original author. How to Paraphrase It requires some skills and practice to paraphrase a point, argument, or idea of another person. The following tips will help you master this skill the soonest. The order of the words and sentence has to be adjusted. Before thinking of new words for your sentence, you should change the whole structure of the sentence. A new sentence should start at a different place than the original one. This way, you will have to make wording changes. For example: The meeting was rescheduled while the deputy had to go to the head office. – The deputy head to go to the head office, so the meeting was rescheduled. So, you just restructure your sentence and can start substituting the words to paraphrase your own sentence. Such restructuring impacts the tone, too, it brings freshness to the original idea. Sometimes paraphrasing allows making the ideas of an academic more understandable and readable, especially if you make the sentence structure easier. When restructuring, you are free to change the length of the sentence. You can make too long sentences shorter, and vice versa, combine few short sentences into a longer one. The writing manner of some academics requires the readers to read the sentence over again in order to understand it, so you can restructure it and make it easier and accessible to your reader. Substitute new words. This step is one of the most crucial to write a proper paraphrase. When using new vocabulary, you show your ability to understand everything that was said by the author and at the same time, choose the synonyms conveying the same meaning. Too complicated and esoteric words can be replaced with easier ones. And vice versa, too generic words can be replaced with those that express the main idea better. If you want to use some set phrases, you can still do it. If you want to refer later to the original turn of the author’s phrase, you can also keep it. If necessary, add the definition of terms. One of the best paraphrasing benefits is the opportunity to improve the original work. If the author didn’t provide any illumination, you can do it. Review the paraphrased sentence and check if you didn’t change the meaning drastically. It is crucial for paraphrasing. Sometimes, it is necessary to simplify the tone of the original expert to show your understanding of the material and ensure that you didn’t just alter the original meaning. Some synonyms may alter the original meaning of the text, so make sure to choose the proper ones. Paraphrase Example Original: â€Å"The world has a great writer in Erich Maria Remarque. He is a craftsman of unquestionably first rank, a man who can bend language to his will. Whether he writes of men or of inanimate nature, his touch is sensitive, firm, and sure.† (The New York Times, 2007). Paraphrased: Erich Maria Remarque is a great writer of the world. He is a first rank mater who is able to make the language obey his will. His touch is always sensitive, confident, and sure, no matter what he writes about. (The New York Times, 2007). How to Cite a Paraphrase MLA Format The MLA format requires to state the name of the author and the number of the page within parenthetical. For example: (Dickens, 25). However, if you mention the name of the author in the paraphrase, you have to use only the page number at the end. For example: According to Dickens, †¦(25). APA Format This format requires you to use the name of the author and the date within a parenthetical. For example: (Dickens, 1843). In case the author is cited within the paraphrase, just state the data at the end. For example: According to Dickens, †¦ (1843). Chicago Format This format requires you to use the footnotes for referring to a citation within the text. It’s necessary to state the full name of the author, the work title, the date of publishing, the year published, and the page numbers. For example: Charles Dickens, A Christmas Carol, (London, 1843), 25. If you refer to the work for the second or more times, then use the abbreviation of the citation For example: Dickens, Christmas, 25. Paraphrasing Tools Fortunately, modern technologies develop fast and make students’ life even easier. Such tools help not only finds variants for their writing but also check it for various spelling and punctuation mistakes. You can also use various plagiarism checking programs to make sure your work is unique. Conclusion Anyone possesses the ability to paraphrase. It will be very helpful for you to master these skills to improve your writing abilities and make them more diverse. With the help of paraphrasing, you don’t seem to be dependent on the expertise research. The more you practice, the easier it will be for you to paraphrase.

Global Marketing Communication Decisions Essays

Global Marketing Communication Decisions Essays Global Marketing Communication Decisions Essay Global Marketing Communication Decisions Essay Sales promotion is any paid, short-term communication program that adds tangible value to a product or brand. Consumer sales promotions are targeted at ultimate consumers; trade sales promotions are used in business-to-business marketing. Sampling gives prospective customers a chance to try a product or service at no cost. A coupon is a certificate that entitles the bearer to a price reduction or other value-enhancing consideration when purchasing a product or service. Personal selling is face-to-face communication between a prospective buyer and a company representative. The Strategic/Consultative Selling Model that is widely used in the United States is also being utilized worldwide. The models five strategic steps call for developing a personal selling philosophy, a relationship strategy, a product strategy, a customer strategy, and a presentation strategy. The six steps in the presentation plan are: approach; presentation; demonstration; negotiation; close; and servicing the sale. Successful global selling may require adaptation of one or more steps in the presentation plan. An additional consideration in global selling is the composition of the sales force, which may include expatriates, host country natives, or sales agents. Several others forms of communication can be used in global marketing. These include direct marketing, a measurable system that uses one or more media to start or complete a sale. One-to-one marketing is an updated approach to direct marketing that calls for treating each customer in a distinct way based on his or her previous purchase history or past interactions with the company. : Direct mail, catalogs, infomercials, and teleshopping are some of the direct marketing tools that have been successfully used on a global basis. Global marketers frequently try to place their products in blockbuster movies that will reach global audiences. Sponsorships and product placement are also becoming vital communication tools that can be used on a global basis. OVERVIEW In 2005, China’s Lenovo Group acquired IBM’s personal computer business for $1. 25 billion. The acquisition vaulted China’s top computer company into third place among the world’s PC marketers, behind Dell and Hewlett-Packard. The crown jewel in the acquisition was the popular ThinkPad, a laptop that features an exceptionally well-designed keyboard. Chief executive Amelio and his marketing team decided to use the Olympics as a vehicle for building awareness about the corporate name and its products. Lenovo paid more than $60 million to become China’s first Olympic sponsor. Lenovo is also the computer provider for the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics. Sales promotion, direct marketing, and specialized forms of marketing communication such as infomercials and the Internet are also growing in importance. Of course, personal selling remains an important promotional tool as well. Taken together, the marketing mix elements discussed in this chapter and Chapter 13 can be used to create highly effective integrated promotional campaigns that support global brands. SALES PROMOTION What is sales promotion? Sales promotion refers to any paid consumer or trade communication program of limited duration that adds tangible value to a product or brand. In a price promotion, tangible value may take the form of a price reduction, coupon, or mail-in refund. Nonprice promotions may take the form of free samples, premiums, buy one, get one free offers, sweepstakes, and contests. Consumer sales promotions may be designed to make consumers aware of a new product, to stimulate nonusers to sample an existing product, or to increase overall consumer demand. Trade sales promotions are designed to increase product availability in distribution channels. At many companies, expenditures for sales promotion activities have surpassed expenditures for media advertising. What are some of the advantages of using sales promotions? The increasing popularity of sales promotion as a marketing communication tool can be explained in terms of several strengths and advantages: Sales promotions provide a tangible incentive to buyers. Sales promotions reduce the perceived risk buyers may associate with purchasing. Sales promotion provides accountability; the manager in charge of the promotion can immediately track the results of the promotion. As with other aspects of marketing communication, a key issue is whether promotion efforts should be directed by headquarters or left to local country managers. Four factors have been identified that contribute to more headquarters involvement in the sales promotion effort: cost, complexity, global branding, and transnational trade: 1. As sales promotions command ever-larger budget allocations, headquarters naturally takes a greater interest. 2. The formulation, implementation, and follow-up of a promotion program may require skills that local managers lack. 3. The increasing importance of global brands justifies headquarters involvement to maintain consistency from country to country and ensure that successful local promotion programs are leveraged in other markets. 4. As mergers and acquisitions lead to increased concentration in the retail industry and as the industry globalizes, retailers will seek coordinated promotional programs from their suppliers. Local managers in the market know the specific local situation. A number of factors must be taken into account when determining the extent to which the promotion must be localized: In countries with low levels of economic development, low incomes limit the range of promotional tools available. Market maturity can be different from country to country. Local perceptions of a particular promotional tool or program can vary. Local regulations may rule out use of a particular promotion in certain countries. Trade structure in the retailing industry can affect the use of sales promotions. Sampling Sampling is a sales promotion technique that provides potential customers with the opportunity to try a product or service at no cost. Disadvantages associated with sampling: cost of sampling and difficulti es in assessing the contribution a sampling program makes. Many companies utilize event marketing and sponsorships to distribute samples at concerts, sports events, or special events. Compared with other forms of marketing communication, sampling is more likely to result in actual trial of the product. Couponing A coupon is a printed certificate that entitles the bearer to a price reduction or some other special consideration for purchasing a particular product or service. Nearly 90 percent of all coupons are distributed in a printed ride-along vehicle known as a free-standing insert (FSI). Sunday papers carry the vast majority of FSIs. On-pack coupons are attached to, or part of, the product package; they can frequently be redeemed immediately at check out. In-pack coupons are placed inside the package. Cross coupons are distributed with one product but redeemable for a different product. For example, a toothpaste coupon might be distributed with a toothbrush. Sales Promotion: Issues and Problems In the case of coupons, retailers must bundle the redeemed coupons together and ship them to a processing point. Many times, coupons are not validated at the point of purchase; fraudulent redemption costs marketers hundreds of millions of dollars each year. In some emerging markets, sales promotion efforts can raise eyebrows if companies appear to be exploiting regulatory loopholes and lack of consumer esistance to intrusion. Sales promotion in Europe is highly regulated. PERSONAL SELLING Personal selling is person-to-person communication between a company representative and a prospective buyer. The sellers communication effort is focused on informing and persuading the prospect, with the short-term goal of making a sale and with a longer-term goal of building a relationship with that buyer . Because selling provides a two-way communication channel, it is especially important in marketing industrial products that may be expensive and technologically complex. It is difficult to overstate the importance of a face-to-face, personal selling effort for industrial products in global markets. Personal selling is a popular marketing communication tool in countries with various restrictions on advertising. Personal selling is used frequently in countries where low wage rates allow large local sales forces to be hired. The challenge to companies that wish to pursue low-cost personal selling overseas is to establish and maintain acceptable quality among members of the sales team. The old saying, You get what you pay for has come to haunt more than one company that has undertaken global expansion. The issue is whether the country team should consist of in-country nationals or expatriates (also known as expats); that is, employees who are sent from their home countries to work abroad. Environmental issues and challenges that may have an impact include: Political risks. Unstable or corrupt governments can completely change the rules for the sales team. Regulatory hurdles. Governments sometimes set up quota systems or impose tariffs that affect entering foreign sales forces. Currency fluctuations. There have been many instances where a companys sales effort has been derailed not by ineffectiveness or lack of market opportunity, but by fluctuating currency values. Market unknowns. When a company enters a new region of the world, its selling strategy may unravel because of a lack of knowledge of market conditions, the accepted way of doing business, or the posit ioning of its in-country competitors. The Strategic/Consultative Selling Model First, a sales representative must develop a personal selling philosophy. This requires a commitment to the marketing concept and a willingness to adopt the role of problem solver or partner in helping customers. The second step is to develop a relationship strategy, which is a game plan for establishing and maintaining high-quality relationships with prospects and customers. This step connects sales personnel directly to the concept of relationship marketing, an approach that stresses the importance of developing long-term partnerships with customers. The third step is the development of a product strategy. This results in a plan that can assist the sales representative in selecting and positioning products that will satisfy customer needs. Next is the customer strategy, a plan that ensures that the sales professional will be maximally responsive to customer needs. The customer strategy step also includes building a prospect base, consisting of current customers as well as potential customers (or leads). A qualified lead is someone whose probability of wanting to buy the product is high. The final step, the actual face-to-face selling situation, requires a presentation strategy. The presentation plan that is at the heart of the presentation strategy is divided into six stages: approach, presentation, demonstration, negotiation, closing, and servicing the sale. Below are the six stages: The first step, approach, is the sales representatives initial contact with the customer or prospect. In the presentation step, the prospects needs are assessed and matched to the companys products. Next is the sales demonstration, during which the salesperson has the opportunity to tailor the communication effort to the customer and alternately tell and show how the product can meet the customers needs. During the presentation, the prospect may express concerns or objections about the product itself, the price, or some other aspect of the sale. Dealing with objections in an international setting is a learned art. A common theme in sales training is the concept of active listening; in global sales, verbal and nonverbal communication barriers of the type discussed in Chapter 4 present special challenges. Negotiation is required to ensure that both the customer and the salesperson come away from the presentation as winners. Having completed the negotiation step, the sales representative is able to move on to the close and thus asks for the order. The final step is the servicing the sale. A successful sale does not end when the order is written. Sales Force Nationality The composition of the sales force in terms of nationality includes expatriate salespersons, host country nationals, or third- sales personnel. The staffing decision is contingent on several factors, including managements orientation, the technological sophistication of the product, and the stage of economic development exhibited by the target country. A company with an ethnocentric orientation prefers expatriates and adopts a standardized approach. (See Table 14-3) [pic] Polycentric companies selling in developed countries use expatriates for hi-tech products; a host-country sales force is used for low-tech products. In less developed countries, host-country nationals should be used for hi- products and local agents for low-tech products. Wide diversity of sales force nationality is found in regiocentric companies. Except for high-tech products in developed countries, third-country nationals are used in all situations. There are advantages and disadvantages of each nationality type: Advantages: Expatriates possess a high level of product knowledge, a demonstrated commitment to service standards, training for promotion, and greater headquarters control. Disadvantages: Expatriates are very expensive, turnover is high, language and cross-cultural training are costly. An alternative is to build a sales force with host-country personnel: Advantages: economical, superior market knowledge, language skills, and superior knowledge of local culture, and implementation is quicker. Disadvantages: needs product training, may be held in low esteem, language skills may not be important, and it is difficult to ensure loyalty. A third option is to hire third country nationals. Advantages: cultural sensitivity, language skills, economical, allows regional sales coverage. Disadvantages: identity problems, blocked for promotions, income gaps, needs product and/or company training, loyalty not assured. Companies a ttempt to establish a hybrid sales force comprised of a balanced mix of expatriates and in-country nationals. The operative word is balanced, as there remains the potential for conflict between the two groups. This is the most expensive proposition since relocation of expats and extensive training of in-country nationals is required. But short term costs are deemed necessary to do business and conduct personal selling overseas. A fourth option is to use sales agents who work under contract. It makes sense to set up one or more agents to gain entry to a selected country or region. In a remote area where there is a lack of revenue, agents are retained on a permanent level (e. g. U. S. , Asian and European companies with an Africa- sales presence use agents). Agents are much less expensive than full-time employees and understand the market. If success is achieved, agents can be replaced by employee-based teams; if the market is not financially viable, it is less costly to withdraw from an agent-oriented territory. The challenge of control is greater since agents have other sources of income. A company that employs sales agents has to determine what to provide in terms of product and strategic training because a competitor may lure agents away. Companies need a monitoring system within agent territories. Other international personal selling approaches: Exclusive license arrangements: a firm pays commissions to an in-country company’s sales force to conduct personal selling. Management-only agreements: a corporation manages a foreign sales force in a mode similar to franchising. Joint ventures: Since many countries place restrictions on foreign ownership, partnerships allow a company to obtain a personal sales capability and a customer base. SPECIAL FORMS OF MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS: DIRECT MARKETING, SUPPORT MEDIA, EVENT SPONSORSHIP, AND PRODUCT PLACEMENT Direct marketing is any communication with a consumer or business recipient that is designed to generate a response in the form of an order, a request for further information, and/or a visit to a store or other place of business. Companies use direct mail, telemarketing, television, print, and other media to generate responses and build databases filled with purchase histories and other information about customers. By contrast, mass marketing communications are typically aimed at broad segments of consumers. One-to-one marketing calls for treating different customers differently based on their previous purchase history or past interactions with the company. Define the four steps in one-to-one marketing. Peppers and Rogers describe the four steps in one-to-one marketing as follows: 1. Identify customers and accumulate detailed information about them. 2. Differentiate customers and rank them in terms of their value to the company. 3. Interact with customers to develop more cost efficient forms of interaction 4. Customize the product or service offered to the customer. Rainer Hengst of Deutsche Post offers the following guidelines for U. S. -based direct marketers that wish to go global: The world is full of people who are not Americans. Treat them differently. Like politics, all marketing is local. Although there may be a EU, but there is no such thing as a European. Pick your target, focus on one country, and do your homework. Customers need to be able to return products locally. Direct Mail Direct mail uses the postal service as a vehicle for delivering a personally addressed offer to a prospect targeted by the marketer. Direct mail is popular with banks, insurance companies, and other financial services providers. The United States is home to a well-developed mailing list industry. The availability of good lists and the sheer size of the market are important factors in explaining why Americans receive more direct mail than anyone else. Compared with the United States, list availability in Europe and Japan is much more limited. Catalogs A catalog is a magazine-style publication that features photographs, illustrations, and extensive information about a company’s products. Catalogs have a long and illustrious history as a direct marketing tool in both Europe and the United States. U. S. -based catalog marketers include JC Penney, Lands End, L. L. Bean, The Sharper Image, and Victorias Secret. Historically, catalogers in the United States benefited from the ability to ship goods from one coast to the other, crossing multiple state boundaries with relatively few regulatory hurdles. Prior to the advent of the single market, catalog sales in Europe were hindered by the fact that mail order products passing through customs at national borders were subject to value-added taxes (VAT). Today, the single market means that mail order goods can move freely throughout the EU without incurring VAT charges. Since January 1993, VAT exemptions have been extended to goods bound to the European Free Trade Area countries (Norway, Iceland, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein). In Japan, the domestic catalog industry is well developed. Infomercials, Teleshopping, and Interactive Television An infomercial is a form of paid television programming in which a particular product is demonstrated, explained, and offered for sale to viewers who call a toll-free number shown on the screen. With teleshopping, home-shopping channels such as QVC and the Home Shopping Network (HSN) take the infomercial concept one step further; the round-the-clock programming is exclusively dedicated to product demonstration and selling. Industry observers expect the popularity of home shopping will increase during the next few years as interactive television (ITV or t-commerce) technology is introduced into more households. ITV allows television viewers to interact with the programming content that they are viewing. Support Media Support media include transit and billboard advertising. In most parts of the world, outdoor advertising is growing at a faster rate than the overall advertising market. As countries add mass transportation systems and build and improve their highway infrastructures, advertisers are utilizing more indoor and outdoor posters and billboards to reach the buying public. Sponsorship Sponsorship is an increasingly popular form of marketing communications whereby a company pays a fee to have its name associated with a particular event, team or athletic association, or sports facility. Sponsorship combines elements of public relations and sales promotion. Sponsorship can be used in countries where regulations limit the extent to which a company can use advertising or other forms of marketing communication. Product Placement: Motion Pictures, Television Shows, and Public Figures Why has product placement become such a big deal in motion pictures and television shows? Product placement is the arranging for a company’s products and brand names to appear in popular television programs, movies, and other types of performances. Marketers can also lend or donate products to celebrities or other public figures; the products get publicity when the celebrity appears in public using the product. For the premiere of Superman Returns in 2006, Atkinson arranged for 35 Audis to chauffer Kevin Spacey and other stars to the event. In the case of television placement, the blurring of advertising and programming content comes as companies increasingly question the effectiveness of traditional advertising. Sometimes called branded entertainment, the effective integration of products and brands with entertainment can be seen on the monster TV hit â€Å"American Idol. †

The effect of different concentrations of Sodim Chloride on rate of Essay

The effect of different concentrations of Sodim Chloride on rate of Germination - Essay Example It first reduces imbibition of water because of the lowered osmotic potential of the medium (Bliss et al., 1985). Second, it causes toxicity; that is, it changes enzymatic activity, hampers protein metabolism, upsets plant growth regulators balance, and reduces the utilization of seed reserves. It may elicit changes at ultrastructural, cellular and tissue, or even at organ levels (Dell’Aquila & Spada, 1993). Salinity interacts with certain plant and environmental factors during germination. Among these plant factors are seed coat, dormancy, seed age, seed polymorphism, and seedling vigor. Environmental factors include temperature, light, availability of water, and oxygen (Pessarakli, 1999). In this experiment, it will be determined if salt will interfere with the rate of germination of soybean seeds. To assure that all other factors are held constant, a standard germination test will be undertaken under optimum conditions for seed germination. 2. Five rectangular plates (12†x5†) will be lined with paper towels pre-moistened by different solutions. Plate A is the control and it will be moistened with distilled water. Plate B will be moistened by the 0.5M NaCl solution, Plate C will be moistened with 1M NaCl solution, Plate D will be moistened with 2M NaCl solution and Plate E is moistened with 3M NaCl solution. 4. In the next three days, the paper towels in the plates will be moistened twice a day (10 AM and 4 PM) with the appropriate salt solution to prevent water loss due to evaporation. Also, the germinated seeds in each plate will be counted and recorded. . For this experiment, we will define germination as the breaking of the seed coat and the emergence of the radicle. With the obtained results, the Chi-Square Test will be used because it will be compared how well an observed breakdown of germinated seeds over various categories fits some expected breakdown, such as an equal breakdown of

Should the US Taxpayer Bail Out the US Automobile Industry Term Paper

Should the US Taxpayer Bail Out the US Automobile Industry - Term Paper Example The answer to such a query should certainly be no, as such an approach goes against the sound economic principles and the spirit of a free market, which have been able to furnish the US economy with a competitive edge and a resilient sense of sustainability till date. Besides, there exist questionable approaches and elements within the framework of most of the top US automakers, which is supported by a bailout, stand to persist. The fact is that the American automakers seek money from the US taxpayers to retain their status quo, rather than for embarking upon an ambitious program to weed out the inefficiencies and lacunas existing within their setup (Gattuso and Loris 1). The politicians prefer to justify such emergency measures by citing the massive losses incurred by the US automakers. Off course, there exists ample truth in such claims. In October, the sales of GM fell by 45 percent (Gattuso and Loris 1). The Chrysler and Ford also reported respective plummeting of sales by 34.9 and 30.2 percent (Gattuso and Loris 1). The automakers ascribe this drastic drop in sales to the existing credit crunch. Still, one can not deny the reality that the US automakers did take many shoddy decisions before the credit crunch that unleashed the current crisis (Gattuso and Loris). Consequently, the US auto industry ought to change the way it works and operates, rather than attempting to stubbornly continue with its unsoun d policies by seeking a bailout. First and foremost, the US automakers must take care of the huge disadvantages in the costs that they suffer from when compared to the foreign brands. The average hourly compensation paid by the US automakers to their employees is way ahead of the remuneration extended by the foreign brands to their workers (Perry).  Ã‚