A Single Man (1964) by Christopher Isherwood

Christopher Isherwood’s A Single Man (1962) is not Isherwood’s most popular or most lauded work, even after the recent Hollywood movie, starring Colin Firth Julianne Moore.  That this novel is one of the â€Å"lesser read† of Isherwood’s novels speaks volumes for his other works, because this novel is absolutely beautiful.  Edmund White, one of gay literature’s most respected and prominent authors, called A Single Man â€Å"one of the first and best models of the Gay Liberation movement† and it’s impossible to disagree. Isherwood himself said that this was the favorite of his nine novels, and any reader might imagine that it would be quite difficult to top this work in terms of emotional connectivity and social relevance.   George, the main character, is an English-born gay man, living and working as a literature professor in Southern California.  George is struggling to readjust to â€Å"single life† after the death of his long-time partner, Jim.  George is brilliant but self-conscious. He is determined to see the best in his pupils, yet knows few, if any, of his students will amount to anything.  His friends look to him as a revolutionary and a philosopher, but George feels he’s simply an above-par teacher, a physically healthy but noticeably aging man with little prospects for love, though he seems to find it when determined not to look for it. The language flows beautifully, even poetically, without seeming self-indulgent. The structure – like short bursts of thought – is easy to keep pace with and seems to function almost in tune with George’s day-to-day musings.  What’s for breakfast?  What’s happening on the way to work?   What am I saying to my students, but what do I hope they’re hearing?   This is not to say that the book is an â€Å"easy read.†Ã‚   In fact, it is emotionally and psychologically haunting.  George’s love for his deceased partner, his loyalty to a broken friend, and his struggle to control lustful emotions for a student are effortlessly expressed by Isherwood, and the tension is brilliantly constructed.  There is a twist ending which, had it not been built with such ingenuity and genius, could read as something quite clichà ©.  Fortunately, Isherwood gets his point across without having to sacrifice his (or the reader’s) imme rsion into the plot line.  This was a balancing act pulled off immaculately – truly impressive. One of the more disappointing elements of the book may be the result of the novel’s length.   George’s simple, sad life is so ordinary but has so much promise; our understanding of this is largely due to George’s internal monologue – his analysis of every action and emotion (typically literary-inspired).  It is easy to imagine that many readers would enjoy getting more of the back story between George and Jim and more of the relationship (little as it existed) between George and his student, Kenny.  Some might be disappointed by George’s kindness to Dorothy; indeed, readers have consistently expressed that they would not have been able, personally, to forgive such a transgression and betrayal. This is the only inconsistency in an otherwise wholly believable plot line, though, and will likely be subject to reader-response, so we can hardly call it an outright fault. The novel takes place in the course of one day, so the characterization is about as well-developed as it can be; the emotion of the novel, the desperation and sadness, are genuine and personal. The reader at times might feel exposed and even violated; sometimes frustrated and, at other times, quite hopeful.  Isherwood has an uncanny ability to direct the reader’s empathy so that she might see herself in George and thereby find herself to be disappointed in herself at times, proud of herself at other times. Ultimately, we all are left with the sense of knowing who George is and of accepting things as they are, and Isherwood’s point seems to be that this awareness is the only way to live a truly satisfied, if not happy, life.

Sex, Marriage, And Sexual Commitments - 1164 Words

Sex and love have changed the last few decades immensely; changing how people look at dating, marriage, and sexual commitments. Definition of dating has changed from generation to generation. Marriage has also changed and to the point that many people are putting marriage off longer. From these changes there has been a new culture that has formed. The hookup culture is the lack of commitment to a single partner, but having flings with one or more people. Dating has not been around but for nearly a hundred years. Paula England, who started the research of the hookup culture using a college survey, stated in her paper for The Family in Transition, â€Å"...the invention of dating started in the 1920s and was helped along by the automobile and commercial sports, like movie theaters, where youth would go.† This gave young people more of freedom to enjoy themselves with other people of the same age. Dating was not a real cause as people had marriages arranged for class status. In the movie Mona Lisa Smile the character Betty, portrayed by Kirsten Dunst, married her college boyfriend. They mainly married as it was expected of them from the pressure of their family for their rise in class status. This is seen throughout history in marriages but has changed over the last several decades. Betty and Spencer, her husband, who were allowed to date and able to see if they were a perfect fit. Unlike that young people looking for a match had to be under supervision. â€Å"†¦young men often hadShow MoreRelatedHawkins, Ronald E. (1991) Strengthening Marital Intimacy, Grand Rapids, Mi: Baker Book House.1698 Words   |  7 PagesBiblically sound intimate and committed marriage. In Strengthening Marital Intimacy (1991), he has captured the two foundational truths, intimacy and commitment, makes a good marriage into a great marriage. It is not enough to know the Word of God intellectually there must be a real surrendering to the sovereign will of God. To do it will transform a life of commitment to God and to the marriage. The key concepts presented in this book cover marital intimacy, commitment, wisdom, reality, God’s sovereigntyRead MoreAn Effective Type Of Birth Control1465 Words   |  6 Pages2008). This means that they took the opportunity and are making a written or verbal commitment and promising to refrain from sexual activities until marriage. But officially, the virginity pledge states that â€Å"Believing that true love waits, I make a commitment to God, myself, my family, my friends, my future mate and my future children to be sexually abstinent from this day until the day I enter a biblical marriage relationship† (True Love Waits, n.d). True Love Waits is a movement that first beganRead MoreSocio-Cultural Influences On Sexuality. Socio-Cultural1156 Words   |  5 PagesSocio-Cultural Influences on Sexuality Socio-cultural influence plays a major role in sexual behaviors. It gives a better comprehension on why men are men and women are women. These socio-cultural are influenced by physical, emotional, cultural and economic aspects. Time and time again research has proven that socio-cultural influences have a significant role in human sexuality. Culture is the manner of life of the people. Thus, culture shapes the ideas of what behaviors are acceptable for men andRead MoreCauses Of Infidelity Essay1519 Words   |  7 Pagesromantic or sexual relationship with someone other than ones husband, wife, or partner (Merriam-Webster.com). Although, this is the standard definition of cheating, the subject can hold different meanings to different people. One may feel betrayed by their significant other when only an emotional connection is made with someone outside of the marriage, while another person may not see this as cheating at all. Some feel that a person is only guilty of infidelity if t here is sexual involvementRead MoreKurt Bruner And Steve Stroope Essay1133 Words   |  5 Pagesexperience they will ever have in their marriage. Unfortunately, for many others—those that are unable to cope with the stressors children bring to a marriage—will view the experience as a detriment to their marriage. For some just deciding when to have children can be a marriage stressor. For others, an unexpected pregnancy can cause tremendous stress in a marriage. Parenting requires a change in lifestyle and brings with it many challenges to a marriage. Those couples that think they are preparedRead MoreEssay about Whats Wrong with Adultery1333 Words   |  6 Pagesfail in keeping his/her commitment to their partner. When adultery happens the trust is broken in the relationship and the other person will feel deceived and betrayed. When a man and a woman come together and bind in holy matrimony, two people become one. In marriage, two people come before the pastor and under God with their partner, to recite promises that are vows. In many religions such as Christianity and Catholicism, sex should be for left only for marriage. Sex is an emotional experienceRead More Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Issues - Same-Sex Marriage and the Destruction of American Culture1433 Words   |  6 PagesSame-Sex Marriage and the Destruction of American Culture      Ã‚  Ã‚   The late 20th century disintegration of marriage is epoch-defining and hazardous to moral health. The question of legally recognizing same-sex marriage - thrust upon us by recent court decisions - culminates this disintegration.    There are many reasons why the ills of marriage are so pivotal. Marriage is the principle of sexual morality. Immoral sexual acts are often wrong for other reasons, too, such as the injusticeRead MoreMarriage Is A Fundamental Right Of All Humans1706 Words   |  7 Pagesdo us part. Love and marriage is a concept, that from a young age, people strive for, yet, due to laws and religion, same-sex couples cannot get married. Love provides humans with social development and the happiness people search for and hope for in life. It provides the aid that a friend cannot do and provides the emotional support every human deserves. Marriage is a fundamental right of all humans; however, religion,laws, and the traditional idea of marriage prevent same-sex couples from progressingRead MorePremarital Sex Essay1086 Words   |  5 Pagesbe considered as taboo such as premarital sex. Sexual activity has always been a basic need to human beings. Not only it is for human’s reproduction, sexu al life is also a considerate factor to predict the happiness of one’s life. There is an argument that whether premarital sex is appropriate among unmarried couples. The supportive side of this argument seems to have some reasonable pros to prove their point of the premarital sex’s advantages. Although sex is not the most important aspect in a relationshipRead MorePremarital Sex And Its Effects1069 Words   |  5 Pagespremarital sex; the gender disparity may have been caused by cultural double standards regarding the admission of sexual activity. Starting in the 1920s, and especially after World War II, premarital sex became more common; this was especially prevalent among women. By the end of the 20th century, between 75 and 80 percent of Americans had sex before the age of 19. During the colonial period, premarital sex was publicly frowned upon but privately condoned to an extent. Even though premarital sex was somewhat

Analysis Of John Greene s Our Stars - 971 Words

Pain and suffering often go hand-in-hand; this, of course, has helped the characters from The Fault in Our Stars by â€Å"John Greene† develop stronger relationships with one another and evolve to be more mature: pre-maturely growing in a sense. Plot development within this story is rather deep, progressing towards an increase in maturity within the lines as we go further on. The main point that stands out to be within this is suffering, not just because of the emotional abuse the characters are put through, but as well as the distraught it will have on them in the future. It seems that within the rather painful story-line, there are many different themes. This story is also about temperance and virtue, but I would like to concentrate on the importance of this one for now: The two main characters in this film or story can represent pain and suffering. Usually contrasting each other, these two fit well together since they are very alike meaning this could be why these two people are placed together as a couple, like a jigsaw. In this, we are taught just how amazing something can be to build and how much work you put into it, but, on the other hand how something can be so easily destroyed and how it can fall down to your feet within a couple of moments. Not many people come to realize this until it s too late, but these two obviously know before the time comes. Maybe that s what makes this so emotional to the readers. Unsurprisingly for a novel about kids dying of cancer,Show MoreRelatedComparative Essay: â€Å"Original Creation of the Earth (the Big Bang vs. Sis Day Creation)† Phsc 2101438 Words   |  6 Pagesinterpretation that goes beyond a clear plain meaning of the text is considered to compromise Biblical authority and capitulate to evolut ionary theories†. One look at the Young Earth View is said to be formed from the Modern English Bible. Jon W Greene also writes that â€Å"Two Christian apologists state this problem well: â€Å"When the ‘young earth’ creationist insists that the biblical evidence indicates an earth only six to ten thousand years old, all communication bridges to the secular science communityRead More The Three Major Issues in the Advertising Campaign for Coca Cola Classic5349 Words   |  22 Pagesincrease the number of people who drink Coca-Cola Classic, make our advertising more creative, and to ultimately beat our competitors. Our target market can be explained in just one word, everyone. Since Coca-Cola Classic had been around for many years everyone has heard of it. It does not matter what age, race, religion or what kind of financial status you have. The main thing that we need to do, is to take back all of the people that our competitors have taken away from us over the years. Though weRead MoreCoca-Cola Ad Campaign Essay5516 Words   |  23 Pagesincrease the number of people who drink Coca-Cola Classic, make our advertising more creative, and to ultimately beat our competitors. Our target market can be explained in just one word, everyone. Since Coca-Cola Classic had been around for many years everyone has heard of it. It does not matter what age, race, religion or what kind of financial status you have. The main thing that we need to do, is to take back all of the people that our competitors have taken away from us over the years. ThoughRead MoreAmerican Revolution and Study Guide Essay example5377 Words   |  22 Pagesdemocracy developing in colonial America Pocahontas Anne Hutchinson Benjamin Franklin Royal veto John Rolfe Roger Williams George Whitefield Lord Baltimore William Bradford John Peter Zenger Virtual representation Walter Raleigh John Winthrop Paxton boys James Oglethorpe Puritans Triangular trade First Continental Congress John Smith Separatists Molasses Act Sugar Act Francis Drake Pilgrims Scots-Irish Quartering Act Read MoreSolution Manual, Test Bank and Instructor Manuals34836 Words   |  140 PagesLane Keller (TB) A Friendly Introduction to Numerical Analysis,Brian Bradie (ISM) A Guide to International Financial Reporting Standards, 3rd Edition_Belverd E. Needles, Marian Powers (SM+TB) A Guide to Modern Econometrics, 4th Edition_Marno Verbeek (SM) A History of Modern Psychology, 10th Edition _ Duane P. Schultz, Sydney Ellen Schultz ( IM+TB) A Microscale Approach to Organic Laboratory Techniques, 5th Edition _Donald L. Pavia, George S. Kriz, Gary M. Lampman, Randall G. Engel (IM) A PeopleRead MoreMeasurement of Sevice Quality of Apollo Using Servqual12789 Words   |  52 PagesDissertation Project Report On Measurement of Quality at Apollo Hospitals using Servqual Submitted by Richa Kumari A0102208164 MBA (MS) 2010 Under the Supervision of Faculty Mentor Prof. (Dr.) P. K. Bansal Faculty Amity Business School AMITY BUSINESS SCHOOL AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH SECTOR 125, NOIDA - 201303, UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA 2010Read MoreAmerican Literature11652 Words   |  47 PagesChristian utopia Genre/Style: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · sermons, diaries personal narratives captivity narratives jeremiads written in plain style Effect: ï‚ · ï‚ · instructive reinforces authority of the Bible and church Historical Context: ï‚ · ï‚ · a person s fate is determined by God all people are corrupt and must be saved by Christ Rationalism / Age of Enlightenment period of American Literature - 1750-1800 Content: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · national mission and American character democratic utopia use of reasonRead MoreWage and Salary Chapter 112487 Words   |  50 PagesExplanations? Your Turn: Glamorous Internships? or House Elves? A friend of ours writes that she is in one of the touring companies of the musical Cats. In the company are two performers called â€Å"swings† who sit backstage during each performance. Each swing must learn five different lead roles in the show. During the performance, the swing sits next to a rack with five different costumes and makeup for each of the five roles. Our friend, who has a lead in the show, once hurt her shoulder during a danceRead MoreOrganizational Behaviour Analysis28615 Words   |  115 PagesORGANISATIONAL ANALYSIS: Notes and essays for the workshop to be held on 15th - 16th Novemeber 2007 at The Marriot Hotel Slough Berkshire SL3 8PT Dr. Lesley Prince, C.Psychol., AFBPsS University of Birmingham November 2007  © Dr. Lesley Prince 2007. Organisational Analysis: Notes and Essays Page i Page ii Please do not attempt to eat these notes. CONTENTS Introduction to the Workshop Topics And Themes The Nature and Scope of Organisation Theory Levels of Analysis The MetaphoricalRead MoreCoco Cola18335 Words   |  74 Pagesthe  corn  used to produce corn syrup often comes from genetically altered plants.[8]  Some nutritionists also caution against consumption of high fructose corn syrup because of possible links to  obesity  and  diabetes.[9] This causes problems with Coke s distribution and bottling network, because specific franchise districts are guaranteed an exclusive market area for Coke products. Mexican-made Coca-Cola may often be found for sale in stores catering to the Hispanic immigrant community.  Kosher  for  Passover  Coke

Motivation for Career Change - 563 Words

Motivation for Career Change Over time, the manner in which different people define success tends to change, and this has certainly been the case with me. Despite the challenges that are involved, I have become highly motivated to make a change in my career that will help fulfill my revised definition of personal and professional success. In this regard, for the past several years, I have been studying clinical medicine and successfully completed my bachelors degree at Yunyang Medical College in this program of study in mid-2008. Following the completion of my bachelors degree at Yunyang Medical College, I was employed as an intern at the Weifang Maternal and Child Health Hospital where I gained valuable practical experience in hospital paper-based and computerized administration as well as various treatment protocols. While I found these healthcare experiences to be illuminating and fulfilling, there was something missing. As a result, I came to realize that clinical medicine did not provide me with the hands- on opportunities to help people regain their health that physical therapy provides. Since that time, I have been actively pursuing a course of study in physical therapy at the University of Findlay, Ohio, where I am majoring in pre-physical therapy. To date, besides my academic coursework, I have completed more than 100 hours of empirical observations concerning how physical therapists examine patients and develop treatment plans using various techniques toShow MoreRelatedMy Career As An Executive Director Of An Organization924 Words   |  4 Pagesbeing surrounded by the environment of our national capital. The career that is of interests of mine would be an executive director of a non-profit organization in the District of Columbia. Psychology would be pivotal to my career as an executive director of an organization, particularly the concepts of problem solving, decision making, motivation, and emotion. While this essay will not examine all components associated with my career, i t will explore the four components above as the four conceptsRead MoreHuman Resources Performance And Success1179 Words   |  5 Pagesliterature on motivation seeks to develop an understanding of the nature of motivation, how to increase motivation level in employees and improve employee performance; thus, in turn, improve overall performance of the organization. Motivation helps employees to feel encouraged to perform effectively and thus, contribute towards improved performance of the organization by linking the employees’ goals and objectives with the strategic goals and objectives of the organization. Motivation plays a significantRead MoreMotivation Employee Performance And Success1255 Words   |  6 Pagesliterature on motivation seeks to develop an understanding of the nature of motivation, how to increase motivation level in employees and improve employee performance; thus, in turn, improve overall performance of the organization. Motivation helps employees to feel encouraged to perform effectively and thus, contribute towards improved performance of the organization by linking the employees’ goals and objectives with the strategic goals and objectives of the organization. Motivation plays a significantRead MoreChanging from Legal Practice to Healthcare Administration1443 Words   |  6 PagesChanging from Legal Practice to Healthcare Administration A personal change I experienced that was very challenging emotionally and psychologically was a career change from legal practice to healthcare administration. The decision for a career change happened in 2007 after a near death experience in Cameroon, my home country, during a short vacation. During my vacation, a health scare got me to a local area hospital that had only one attending physician and 20 nurses to take care of approximatelyRead MoreEssay Motivation behind Choosing a Career Direction1384 Words   |  6 Pagesindividual chooses their career path. Selecting a career is a big opportunity, set forth to help people. Each person has worked or still is working through the ranks of education. People focus on the obstacle of college, and the choice to graduate with a degree in a particular field of study. Careers do not just occur overnight, it requires time. People have planned out their career path since the beginning. To them it is really important because it determines t he career they would like to pursueRead MoreMotivation Theories1236 Words   |  5 PagesThe four motivation theories are Biological theory, Psychosocial theory of motivation, Biopsychosocial, and Achievement theory. Everyone has their own motivation in life for continuing education, and career choices. Each person also has Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivators. Intrinsic is an internal motivation for self satisfaction. Extrinsic is an external motivation, or reward for a person’s accomplishment. Motivation Theories: Linda was motivated to go back to school because she wanted an educationRead MoreJenn1525 Words   |  7 PagesCareer Goals Paper Jennifer Barth PSY/215 6/22/2015 Linda Porcaro Career Goals Paper My career assessment test turned out just the way I thought it would the results was very interesting. From the assessment test the results touched base in many areas for the career I’m interested in such as psychology. My test results are : * conscious of existence , meaning, purpose, potential and destiny of humankind, people, and self. * Motivated by a self-felt, self-accepted calling to causeRead MoreThe Importance Of Motivation As A Teacher1512 Words   |  7 PagesImportance of Motivation As explained by Lou Holtz, â€Å"[i]t’s not the load that breaks you down, it’s the way you carry it.† His statement is true for the importance of motivation. As a teacher candidate, learning the concept of motivation is crucial for my well-being and for the future of my students. The way that students are taught and encouraged have a huge impact on their careers and their life. In this paper I will be exploring how I was motivated during my earlier years and how the motivation shiftedRead MoreMy Experience On My Career911 Words   |  4 PagesDaniel H Pink emphasizes that our world should move toward Motivation 3.0 and that we should become more type I people than Type X. Pink suggest this because Motivation 3.0 and Type I both go with the three nutrients we need to better our world; autonomy, mastery, and purpose. Autonomy is a self-determination theory, Mastery is the desire to get better and better at something you like, and finally purpose provides activati on energy for living. Pink reaffirms â€Å"For type I, it’s the main motivatorRead MoreWhy Is Motivation So Imperative? Essay1314 Words   |  6 Pagesmotivate people, motivation must be balanced throughout the workplace (Forbes). Keeping employees motivated is a crucial element in order to retain the best employees in the company. Why is motivation so imperative in the workplace? There are numerous reasons why companies should have a motivated workforce. Motivated employees will not only work quicker, but they will also use creativity to help the organization save millions of dollars by implementing new ideas. For many years, motivation has been studied

Disaster Preparedness Free Essays

Managing disaster response is one of the most challenging aspects of the National Response System (NRS). The effectiveness of coordination between national, state, and local teams at the scene of the incident is a key to the successful response on disasters and other calamities (Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2009). According to the ‘Disaster Recovery and Mitigation Handbook’, it is the job of the local government, to inform the Regional Emergency Operations Center about events or disasters that take place in their respective areas. We will write a custom essay sample on Disaster Preparedness or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this case, the Incident Commander carries out the responsibility (OES, 2004). This paper will briefly discuss the key functions in disaster preparedness and implementations. The review of literature will be the method in relating the analysis to the overall topical discussions. Literature review The Incident Command System (ICS) is the main tool used in the management of emergency response incidents. For the local responders, who are usually the first to respond on the scene of the event, it is important that they understand the standards and concepts of the ICS. During times of disaster, the Incident Commander (IC) becomes the On-Scene Coordinator (OSC). Based on the Related OSHA Standards, the IC is tasked with assessing the situation or schedules a briefing with the past Incident Commander. Likewise, the IC then meets with the command staff and section chiefs (Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2009). Based on the procedures after meeting with the members of the disaster response team, the Incident Commander then determines all hazardous materials or circumstances and address them appropriately using site analysis, engineering controls, maximum exposure restrictions, guidelines on handling hazardous substances, and using new technologies (Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2009). It is the job of the Incident Commander to make sure that they trim down the number of emergency response staff, particularly in the areas where they will be exposed to site hazards. There should be a safety officer, who has the knowledge of operating procedures. When the designated safety officer deems that there is imminent danger, they can suspend or put an end to emergency activities (Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2009). In summary, it is the job of the Incident Commander to ensure safety first before anything else in any disaster or emergency situations. Before implementing any plan of action, the IC or On-Site Coordinator should see to it that the citizens should be out of danger or evacuated from the site. Likewise, the Incident Commander should ensure the safety of their team. They should always see to it that the plan of action is always in accordance with the standards set forth by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Data analysis For better control and management of disasters, it is essential that each member of the Emergency Response Team should be well-prepared and properly trained. According to the OSHA, understanding and familiarity with the Incident Command System is the key to successful implementation of an emergency response. Planning for an incident should be done in advance of the event. This way, each member of the team can identify their roles and responsibilities during a certain emergency situation. Effective planning also includes conducting regular drills and practices. Aside from that, the emergency response personnel should also have an idea of which agencies they need to coordinate with in times of disaster. Findings and conclusion Disaster preparedness can be more effective and efficient if members of emergency response team are adequately trained and familiar with the Internal Command System. There must be coordination between the national, state, and local emergency teams. In conclusion, the performance of the disaster management systems relies on systematic coordination of emergency response teams from one level to another. How to cite Disaster Preparedness, Papers

Activities of Human Resource Management

Question: Discuss the activities of human resource management in an organization. Answer: Introduction: Human Resource Management or HRM is a well nurtured factor in all business firms since the beginning of the 20th century (Price, 2006). It is a sum of some most needed processes in an organization. It is such a function in a firm which has been innovated to accelerate the performances of the concerned employees. Human Resource Management focuses not only on the people attached with that organization but also systems and strategies to enhance workforce. From recruitment of an employee to rewarding her or him, Human Resource Management takes place in an organization to smoothen the work-policies (Andolsek and Stebe, 2009). Activities of Human Resource Management in an organization: If the job of any employee is taken for instance, her or his recruitment will go under HRM and rewarding after being a good employee will be done also by the HRM. All organizations work by the labor and intelligence of human beings, so human beings are most resourceful factors for any firm or organization (Becker and Huselid, 2009). Human Resource Management works to take out best possible efforts of the workers or employees and applies the extract of the efforts to get best result. Generally HRM is rehearsed by the HRM practitioners, but it can also be staged by managers of an organization. Human Resource Management actually comes with the strategies to maintain employees for getting long time goals in the business world (Budhwar and Debrah,. 2009). HRM has some frameworks to execute its tasks. Recruitment is the very first procedure of Human Resource Management. HRM practitioners or managers of an organization employ such people in work who are very much capable to perform the tasks assigned in the workshop (Colbert, 2010). The recruitment process takes place according to the conditions, natures and spaces of the work and ability of the employees to be fit for those. After the recruitment procedure training of the employees takes position in the organization. Human Resource Management of the concerned organization trains its employees on a regular basis to make them more suitable for work. Employees-motivation is a big matter in the activities of HRM (Beech and Macintosh, 2012). A motivated and well-trained employee is a big asset for a firm. She or he can deliver best output in job. In the premises of the heavy industries the matter of safety obviously is in the to-do list of concerned Human Resource Management. After safety, wellness and hygienic happiness are the responsibilities of HRM and HRM practitioners (Beerel, 2010). If an employee is not physically, psychologically and wage-wise satisfied, she or he is hardly capable to put best labor. HRM segment of a firm is generally seen to look after all the workers so that they can be productive and effective (Hughes, 2010). Development of the organization is a big responsibility of the HRM. An organization is expected not only to be bigger but also reputed and in the market. HRM is employed to add value to the products and services of an organization. Improvement matters in the world of HRM practitioners. Administration and communication are two big stands on which an organization acts in the market. Managers and Human Resource Management practitioners together play a key role in the administration. It is considered as the nucleus of a firm and HRM is the nucleolus of the administration (Price, 2006). Communication is such stream in the business world which is needed to expand regularly. Communication between employees and managers, leaders and board of directors, stakeholders and directors etc. are regularly performed by Human Resource Management. HRM practitioners are in charge of the main business communications in an organization (Andolsek and Stebe, 2009). If communication breaks down somehow, whol e work process will be damaged and hampered. HRM practitioners have a vital role in hiring also along with the managers. They also play big parts to decide wages and allowances for each and every kind of employees. Benefits and compensations are also allowed to all employees after going through the reports of Human Resource Management of the concerned organization (Budhwar and Debrah, 2009). Performance reprisal and rewarding are done by the HRM segment. All monetary and adjacent factors are cultivated by the HRM to meet the need of the employees and the organization itself (Colbert, 2010). Cultures in the Organizations: Culture in an organization or organizational culture stands for the actions and activities of human beings in a workhouse (Beech and Macintosh, 2012). This also means such activities and actions with which human beings are attached in the concerned organization. Organizational culture comprises values and morals of whole organization, principles of business and values of the entire firm (Beerel, 2010). The culture in a business firm is the addition of a few factors such as background of the organization, services and products, business market, know-how to market the products and strategic steps of the concerned firm. Many organizations deploy various advanced notions in the premise of the organizational culture. Different firms use different cultures and sub-cultures to enhance the workforce. Each and every organization applies unique culture according to the products or services, strategies and work-cultures of the concerned firm. Beside this, many bigger organizations often experie nce contradictions in various sub-cultures, as various sub-cultures are normally assigned to various managerial segments (Beerel, 2010). Actually organizational cultures are too much related to the work-culture of an organization (Price, 2006). It is not depended only on the employees or leaders or the managers who are very nearer to the workshops. The organizational culture is a sum of behavior from directors to the trainee employees. All collectively construct the unique culture in an organization. There is a notion in the human world that human beings are what and which they do repeatedly (Andolsek and Stebe, 2009). Culture mainly defines repeated behavior, habits, thinking and beliefs. It is as true in an organization as true in the life of an individual human being. Culture of an organization is defined by its behavior toward stockholders, employees and customers. The organizational culture of the concerned firm are also supported by its strategy of marketing, process of works, deals with all engaged individuals and values added with beliefs (Becker and Huselid, 2009). Human Resource Management practitioners play a pivotal role to improve and keep intact the environment of organizational culture. HRM segments keep focusing the demands of the cultures in a firm to shape right work culture in the workshops (Becker and Huselid, 2009). They also nurture a few factors related to the organizational culture such as whether the organizational culture is nothing but a behavioral outcome or collectiveness of some relevant forces e.g. enticements, configuration and process. Organizational culture is defined and constituted by various individual matters. It is a procedure to make sense in an organization. This helps to create collective awareness to make out different individual personnel in the firm. Jointly beliefs, strategies and interpretations move an organization forward in the market (Colbert, 2010). A big aim of the organizational culture is to make every worker know the actual reality of the concerned organization. It is not only related to what and w hich factors but also attached with why factors. Culture in the firm is just like that story whose ceremonies and values construct the narrative (Beerel, 2010). Organizational culture is the unique and independent civilization in the organization. Human Resource Management is to give this civilization a positive and progressive force (Hughes, 2010). Sub-culture is taken often as the most debated and nurtured matters which have most influences on the organizational culture. Sub-culture is a team or group into a large culture. The sub-culture in an organization may be revealed or suppressed. A sub-culture in a large organization may be similar to the mainstream culture of the concerned firm or different from some aspects. Founder has a great influence on the culture of a firm (Andolsek and Stebe, 2009). Her or his own personality plays a crucial role to determine the culture. Size of the organization is a big factor. Cultures in a small company and in a multinational company are definitely different. All firms do not have same development programs and visions. Therefore their executive cultures are not similar mandatorily. Managerial sector and leadership quality always determine the culture in an organization. Beside these, personal quality of the leaders also matter here. Strategies, procedures and structures of an organization have a key function in the culture at workplace. Mainly organizational structure gives birth to the sub-cultures and sometimes the conflicts between the subcultures and the cultures (Becker and Huselid, 2009). Rewarding policies are very important in this context. Not only rewarding but also giving allowances to the employees detect the organizational culture. Wages, bonus, additional allowances, individual reward, team rewards are a few of those. Organizational culture depends on the market segment in which the organization invests. Type of works also is a big factor. Intellectual labor and physical labor belong to different cultures certainly. Natural environment at the work place also play a significant role (Becker and Huselid, 2009). Airy weather has been shown a hygienic culture while contaminated environment decreases the spirit of an organizational culture. External affairs of an organization are always matter in the organizational culture. Economic deals in market, legal position of the firm, social reputation of the organization etc. are important in this matter. Culture at innovative sectors and culture at conventional segments are witnessed to be totally different. Attitude tow ards work define the organizational culture often. Adoption of calculated risk at the time of task changes attitude in the workshop and organizational culture also (Colbert, 2010). Business-sector is a globally known aspect to conclude the organizational culture. Different sectors show different culture. Culture at service oriented workplace and culture at manufacturing workshops do not resemble. Some factors in these places can be similar, but the organizational culture is separate (Becker and Huselid, 2009). Human Resource Management has a pivotal significance to keep the organizational culture and subculture improved and healthy. There are many organizations which have different socio-cultural and socio-economic employees at different branches. Multinational companies have employees of different nationality and languages (Beech and Macintosh, 2012). These things create various subcultures under a single roof. In some organizations subcultures are mightier than main culture. This is sometimes better, sometimes worse. Human Resource Management practitioners are expected to maintain this matter. Cultural difference within a firm is an obvious matter. HRM practitioners deal with this. They nurture the matter of subculture on the basis of job, service line, utility, surrounding and level of the chain of command. Actually subcultures always stand on those things (Hughes, 2010). Position and necessity wise HRM practitioners merge or take the subcultures over to keep the works of the firm on. H uman Resource Management wants to run culture and subcultures together but parallel. It is mere challenging and imperative duty of HRM in recent era. Strong and Weak Cultures in an organization: As different human entities have different DNAs, different organizations have different cultures. Organizational culture is considered as the DNA of an organization, though it is an arguable issue. There are certain types or fashions of the culture in a firm. According to those types or variations generally two types of organizational cultures are witnessed on the basis of comparison. Those are Strong culture and Weak culture within an organization (Hughes, 2010). The strong culture is such organizational culture that is deeply rooted in the strategy and work procedure of a firm. Human Resource Management and managerial sector are actively attached with this type of organizational culture. Here HRM practitioners, along with the managerial section, make out well which are needed for employees and them too (Colbert, 2010). Human Resource Management tries to meet both ends accordance with the policies, market and values of the concerned firm. Maintaining of strong culture by HRM is not too tough and mere challenging, because it is embedded into the core of the organization. Strong culture is well acknowledged and made out by the employees. It is seen that the weak culture in an organization breaks out when aims, values and policies of the concerned organization are not clearly spoken, conversed and established. Aim and values of the firm is expected to be cleared to the employees (Colbert, 2010). Weak culture takes place when works and wages have a large difference. Beside this, values of works in the organization result into weak culture. If an organization goes under a weak organizational culture, customer satisfaction and meeting the marketing needs reaches at the lees. Weak organizational culture has many consequences such as necessity of accurate procedures in workforce, exact need for policies and strategies (Price, 2006). A weak organizational culture demands more engagement from Human Resource Management to execute tasks through the expected paths. Analysis for the HRM practitioner: In this part of the essay this study is going to present some analysis for the Human Resource Management practitioner in the perspective of organizational culture. A well known organization namely KFC is to be mentioned for dealing with the matter. KFC or Kentucky Fried Chicken is reputed as a US based fast food restaurant industry. It has near about 19000 outlets for selling products in almost 120 nations and territories. KFC works under Yum! Brands along with Taco Bell and Pizza Hut (KFCjobs, 2015). A deep look at the work culture of KFC tells that HRM of them put efforts to take out best potential of all people engaged to their business chain. Human Resource Management practitioners work there with energy and passion (KFCjobs, 2015). Restaurant industry is such an organization where maximum employees deal directly with the customers. Therefore recruitment plays here a vital role (KFCjobs, 2015). HRM practitioners at KFC choose people keeping the needs and natures of the customers at that location in mind. At many KFC outlets employees get free meals and chicken preparations other than wages and allowances. After doing a good job employees get on-spot admiration from HRM and managerial sections. Employees get special pins on uniforms as rewarding for achievement. Human Resource Management practitioner at KFC celebrates success of everyone to keep workers enthusiastic (KFCjobs, 2015). HRM practitioners of any organization can be inspired from the HRM of KFC, but they need not to follow it blindly. Unique management of Human Resource in different firms is located to bring success. An HRM practitioner initially needs to understand the focus and strategy of the managerial segments of the concerned organization. S/he is expected to act according to this. Secondly an HRM practitioner needs to make out the existing culture and subculture of the firm. Generally s/he has to be fit into those or s/he is employed to correct those. An HRM practitioner works in the core section of a workforce. S/he has to play vital role in recruitment. Well sorted employees can shoulder the strategy of the organization well. Generating motivation and enthusiasm is a big responsibility of an HRM practitioner. Appraisal and rewarding are projected to be handled without biasness. All employees are to be estimated without age or gender sub-category. A good HRM practitioner always is aware of sub culture and weak culture in a firm. S/he tries heart and soul to run subculture properly along with the main culture and repair the weak culture to convert it into stronger one. Reference: Andolsek, D.M. and Stebe, J. (2009) Devolution or (de) centralization of HRM functions in European organizations. International Journal of HRM, 16 (3): 311-329. Becker, B. E. and Huselid, M. A. (2009) Strategic human resources management: Where do we go from here? Journal of Management, 32 (6), 898-925. Beech, N and Macintosh, R (2012) Managing Change - Enquiry and Action, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Beerel, A. (2010) Leadership and Change Management, California: Sage Beta.tutor2u.net, available from: https://beta.tutor2u.net/business/blog/organisational-culture-factors-influencing-the-culture-of-an-organisation-a [Accessed 05th May 2015] Budhwar, P. and Debrah, Y.A. (2009) Rethinking comparative and cross national human resource management research. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 12(3), 497515. Colbert, B.A. (2010) The Complex Resource-based View: Implications for Theory and Practice in Strategic Human Resource Management, Academy of Management Review, 28, 3, 341 358. Hughes, M (2010) Change Management, London: CIPD KFCjobs (2015). Culture. Retrieved from: https://jobs.kfc.com/article/ourculture Price, L., (2006) Poor personnel practice in the hotel and catering industry: does it matter? Human Resource Management Journal, 4(4), 44-62.